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 <h1>Lynx Users Guide v2.9.0</h1>

Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web
 (WWW) client for users running cursor-addressable,
 character-cell display devices (e.g., vt100 terminals, vt100
 emulators running on PCs or Macs, or any other character-cell
 display). It will display Hypertext Markup Language
 (HTML) documents containing links to files on the local
 system, as well as files on remote systems running http,
 gopher, ftp, wais, nntp,
 finger, or cso/ph/qi servers,
 and services accessible via logins to telnet,
 tn3270 or rlogin accounts (see <a href=
 "lynx_url_support.html">URL Schemes Supported by Lynx</a>).
 <a href="#Hist">Current</a> versions of Lynx run on Unix, VMS,
 Windows3.x/9x/NT and later, 386DOS and OS/2 EMX.

Lynx can be used to access information on the WWW, or
 to build information systems intended primarily for local access.
 For example, Lynx has been used to build several Campus Wide
 Information Systems (CWIS). In addition, Lynx can
 be used to build systems isolated within a single LAN.

<h2 id="TOC"><a name="Contents" id="Contents">Table of
 Contents</a></h2>

<ul>
 <li><a href="#Help" name="ToC-Help" id="ToC-Help">Lynx online
 help</a></li>

<li><a href="#Local" name="ToC-Local" id="ToC-Local">Viewing
 local files with Lynx</a></li>

<li><a href="#Leaving" name="ToC-Leaving" id=
 "ToC-Leaving">Leaving Lynx</a></li>

<li><a href="#Remote" name="ToC-Remote" id=
 "ToC-Remote">Starting Lynx with a Remote File</a></li>

<li><a href="#EnVar" name="ToC-EnVar" id="ToC-EnVar">Starting
 Lynx with the WWW_HOME environment variable.</a></li>

<li><a href="#IntraDocNav" name="ToC-IntraDocNav" id=
 "ToC-IntraDocNav">Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx</a></li>

<li><a href="#Disposing" name="ToC-Disposing" id=
 "ToC-Disposing">Printing, Mailing, and Saving rendered files to
 disk.</a></li>

<li><a href="#LocalSource" name="ToC-LocalSource" id=
 "ToC-LocalSource">Viewing the HTML document source and editing
 documents</a></li>

<li><a href="#RemoteSource" name="ToC-RemoteSource" id=
 "ToC-RemoteSource">Downloading and Saving source files.</a></li>

<li><a href="#ReDo" name="ToC-ReDo" id="ToC-ReDo">Reloading
 files and refreshing the display</a></li>

<li><a href="#Search" name="ToC-Search" id="ToC-Search">Lynx
 searching commands</a></li>

<li><a href="#InteractiveOptions" name="ToC-InteractiveOptions"
 id="ToC-InteractiveOptions">Lynx Options Menu</a></li>

<li><a href="#Mail" name="ToC-Mail" id="ToC-Mail">Comments and
 mailto: links</a></li>

<li><a href="#News" name="ToC-News" id="ToC-News">USENET News
 posting</a></li>

<li><a href="#Bookmarks" name="ToC-Bookmarks" id=
 "ToC-Bookmarks">Lynx bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="#Jumps" name="ToC-Jumps" id="ToC-Jumps">Jump
 command</a></li>

<li><a href="#DirEd" name="ToC-DirEd" id="ToC-DirEd">Directory
 Editing</a></li>

<li><a href="#ColorMouse" name="ToC-ColorMouse" id=
 "ToC-ColorMouse">Using Color &amp; the Mouse</a></li>

<li><a href="#MiscKeys" name="ToC-MiscKeys" id=
 "ToC-MiscKeys">Scrolling and Other useful commands</a></li>

<li><a href="#Forms" name="ToC-Forms" id="ToC-Forms">Lynx and
 HTML Forms</a> | <a href="#Images" name="ToC-Images" id=
 "ToC-Images">Lynx and HTML Images</a></li>

<li><a href="#Tables" name="ToC-Tables" id="ToC-Tables">Lynx
 and HTML Tables</a> | <a href="#Tabs" name="ToC-Tabs" id=
 "ToC-Tabs">Lynx and HTML Tabs</a></li>

<li><a href="#Frames" name="ToC-Frames" id="ToC-Frames">Lynx
 and HTML Frames</a> | <a href="#Banners" name="ToC-Banners" id=
 "ToC-Banners">Lynx and HTML Banners</a></li>

<li><a href="#Footnotes" name="ToC-Footnotes" id=
 "ToC-Footnotes">Lynx and HTML Footnotes</a> | <a href="#Notes"
 name="ToC-Notes" id="ToC-Notes">Lynx and HTML Notes</a></li>

<li><a href="#Lists" name="ToC-Lists" id="ToC-Lists">Lynx and
 HTML Lists</a></li>

<li><a href="#Quotes" name="ToC-Quotes" id="ToC-Quotes">Lynx
 and HTML Quotes</a></li>

<li><a href="#Eightbit" name="ToC-Eightbit" id=
 "ToC-Eightbit">Lynx and HTML Internationalization: 8bit,
 UNICODE, etc.</a></li>

<li><a href="#USEMAP" name="ToC-USEMAP" id="ToC-USEMAP">Lynx
 and Client-Side-Image-Maps</a></li>

<li><a href="#Refresh" name="ToC-Refresh" id="ToC-Refresh">Lynx
 and Client-Side-Pull</a></li>

<li><a href="#Cookies" name="ToC-Cookies" id="ToC-Cookies">Lynx
 and State Management</a> (Me want cookie!)</li>

<li><a href="#Cache" name="ToC-Cache" id="ToC-Cache">Lynx and
 Cached Documents</a></li>

<li><a href="#Sessions" name="ToC-Sessions" id=
 "ToC-Sessions">Lynx and Sessions</a></li>

<li><a href="#Invoking" name="ToC-Invoking" id=
 "ToC-Invoking">The Lynx command line</a></li>

<li><a href="#Environment" name="ToC-Environment" id=
 "ToC-Environment">Environment variables used by Lynx</a></li>

<li><a href="#lynx.cfg" name="ToC-lynx.cfg" id=
 "ToC-lynx.cfg">Main configuration file lynx.cfg</a></li>

<li><a href="#Hist" name="ToC-Hist" id="ToC-Hist">Lynx
 development history</a></li>
 </ul>

<h2 id="id-Help"><a name="Help" id="Help">Lynx online help</a></h2>

Online help is available while viewing any document. Press the
 &ldquo;<samp>?</samp>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<samp>H</samp>&rdquo; key
 (or the &ldquo;<samp>h</samp>&rdquo; key if vi-like key movement
 is not on) to see a list of help topics. See the section titled
 <a href="#IntraDocNav">Navigating hypertext documents with
 Lynx</a> for information on navigating through the help
 files.

In addition, a summary description of all the Lynx keystroke
 commands and their key bindings is available by pressing the
 &ldquo;<samp>K</samp>&rdquo; key (or the
 &ldquo;<samp>k</samp>&rdquo; key if vi-like key movement is not
 on).

If you want to recall recent status-line messages, you can do
 so by entering the &ldquo;g&rdquo; command, followed by
 &ldquo;LYNXMESSAGES:&rdquo;.

[<a href="#ToC-Help">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Local"><a name="Local" id="Local">Viewing local files
 with Lynx</a></h2>

Lynx can be started by entering the Lynx command along with
 the name of a file to display. For example these commands could
 all be used to display an arbitrary ASCII text or HTML file:

<dd><code>lynx filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx /home/my-dir/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx ~/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx dua5:[my-directory]filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx /dua5/my-directory/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx ~/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx sys$login:filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx /sys$login/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx file:///filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx c:/dir/filename</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx //n/dir/filename</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>

When executed, Lynx will clear the screen and display as much
 of the specified file as will fit on the screen. Pressing a
 down-arrow will bring up the next screen, and pressing
 an up-arrow will bring up the previous screen. If no
 file is specified at startup, a default file will be displayed,
 depending on settings e.g., in lynx.cfg.

Lynx will display local files written in the HyperText
 Markup Language (HTML), if the file's name ends
 with the characters .html, .htm,
 .shtml, .htmlx, .html3, or
 .ht3. HTML is a file format that allows users to create
 a file that contains (among other things) hypertext links to
 other files. Several files linked together may be described as a
 hypertext document. If the filename does not have one of
 the suffixes mapped by Lynx to HTML, the -force_html
 command line option can be included to force treatment of the
 file as hypertext.

When Lynx displays an HTML file, it shows links as "bold face"
 text, except for one link, which is shown as "highlighted" text.
 Whether "boldface" or "highlighted" text shows up as reverse
 video, boldface type, or a color change, etc. depends on the
 display device being used (and the way in which that device has
 been configured). Lynx has no control over the exact presentation
 of links.

The one link displayed as "highlighted" text is the currently
 "selected" link. Lynx will display the file associated with the
 selected link when a right-arrow or a Return
 key is pressed. To select a particular link, press the
 up-arrow or down-arrow keys until the desired
 link becomes "highlighted," and then press the
 right-arrow or Return key to view the linked
 information. Information included in the HTML file tells Lynx
 where to find the linked file and what kind of server will
 provide it (i.e., HTTP, Gopher, etc.).

Lynx renders HTML files and saves the rendition (and the
 source, if so configured in the <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>
 file) for initial display and should you select the link again.
 If you do select a link again and have reason to desire a new
 fetch and rendering of the file, use the NOCACHE command,
 normally mapped to &ldquo;<samp>x</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>X</samp>&rdquo;, instead of the right-arrow
 or Return key when positioned on the link. You also can
 force a new fetch and rendering of the currently displayed
 document via the RELOAD command, normally mapped to
 Control-R.

When a binary file is encountered Lynx will ask the user if
 he/she wishes to download the file or cancel. If the user selects
 &ldquo;<samp>D</samp>&rdquo; for download, Lynx will transfer the
 file into a temporary location and present the user with a list
 of options. The only default option is Save to disk,
 which is disabled if Lynx is running in anonymous mode.
 Additional download methods may be defined in the <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> file. Programs like kermit, zmodem and
 FTP are some possible options.

[<a href="#ToC-Local">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Leaving"><a name="Leaving" id="Leaving">Leaving
 Lynx</a></h2>

To exit Lynx use the &ldquo;<samp>q</samp>&rdquo; command. You
 will be asked whether you really want to quit. Answering
 &ldquo;<samp>y</samp>&rdquo; will exit and
 &ldquo;<samp>n</samp>&rdquo; will return you to the current
 document. Use &ldquo;<samp>Q</samp>&rdquo; or Control-D
 to quit without verification.

[<a href="#ToC-Leaving">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Remote"><a name="Remote" id="Remote">Starting Lynx
 with a Remote File</a></h2>

If you wish to view a remote file (that is, a file residing on
 some computer system other than the one upon which you are
 running Lynx) without first viewing a local file, you must
 identify that file by using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 URLs take the general form:

<blockquote>
 <code>PROTOCOL :// HOST / PATH</code>
 
 </blockquote>

where

<dl>
 <dt><code>PROTOCOL</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 identifies the communications protocol (scheme)
 used by the server that will provide the file. As mentioned
 earlier, Lynx (and any WWW client) can interact with a
 variety of servers, each with its own protocol.
 </dd>

<dd>
 is the Internet address of the computer system on which
 the server is running, and
 </dd>

<dd>
 is a scheme-specific field which for some schemes may
 correspond to a directory path and/or filename.
 </dd>
 </dl>

Here are some sample URLs.

<dl>
 <dt>HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)</dt>

<dd><code>https://invisible-island.net/lynx/</code>
 </dd>

<dt>Gopher</dt>

<dd><code>gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu/11/</code>
 </dd>

<dt>FTP (File Transfer Protocol)</dt>

<dd><code>ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/lynx/README</code>
 </dd>

<dt>WAIS (Wide Area Information Service protocol)</dt>

<dd><code>wais://cnidr.org/directory-of-servers</code>
 </dd>

<dt>A URL may be specified to Lynx on the command line, as
 in:</dt>

<dd><code>lynx
 http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/kufacts_start.html</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>

Lynx also will attempt to create a complete URL if you include
 adequate portions of it in the startfile argument. For
 example:

<pre>
 wfbr will be expanded to:
 http://www.wfbr.edu/ and:
 ftp.more.net/pub will be expanded to:
 ftp://ftp.more.net/pub
</pre>
 See <a href="lynx_url_support.html">URL Schemes Supported by
 Lynx</a> for more detailed information.

[<a href="#ToC-Remote">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-EnVar"><a name="EnVar" id="EnVar">Starting Lynx with
 the WWW_HOME environment variable.</a></h2>

You may also specify a starting file for Lynx using the
 WWW_HOME environment variable,

<dd><code>export WWW_HOME=http://www.w3.org/</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>setenv WWW_HOME http://www.w3.org/</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dd><code>define "WWW_HOME" "http://www.w3.org/"</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>WWW_HOME=http://www.w3.org/ [or in registry]</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>

Note that on VMS the double-quoting must be included
 to preserve casing.

[<a href="#ToC-EnVar">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-IntraDocNav"><a name="IntraDocNav" id=
 "IntraDocNav">Navigating hypertext documents with Lynx</a></h2>

The process of moving within a hypertext web, selecting and
 displaying links is known as "navigation." With Lynx almost all
 navigation can be accomplished with the arrow keys and the
 numeric keypad.

<pre>
 +-------+-------+-------+
 | TOP | /|\ | Page |
 arrow keys | of | | | UP |
 | text 7| | 8| 9|
 +---------+ +-------+-------+-------+
 | SELECT | | | | |
 | prev /|\| | &lt;--- | | ---&gt; |
 | link | | | 4| 5| 6|
 +---------+---------+---------+ +-------+-------+-------+
 | BACK | SELECT | DISPLAY | | END | | | Page |
 |&lt;-- prev | next | | sel. --&gt;| | of | | | DOWN |
 | doc. | link \|/| link | | text 1| \|/ 2| 3|
 +---------+---------+---------+ +-------+-------+-------+
</pre>
 There are also a few other keyboard commands to aid in
 navigation. The Control and Function keys used for navigation
 within the current document are described in <a href=
 "#MiscKeys">Scrolling and Other useful commands</a>.

Some additional commands depend on the fact that Lynx keeps a
 list of each link you visited to reach the current document,
 called the <a href="keystrokes/history_help.html">History
 Page</a>, and a list of all links visited during the current Lynx
 session, called the <a href=
 "keystrokes/visited_help.html">Visited Links Page</a>.

<ul>
 <li>
 The HISTORY keystroke command, normally mapped to
 Backspace or Delete, will show you the
 History Page of links leading to your access of the
 current document. Any of the previous documents shown in the
 list may be revisited by selecting them from the history
 screen.
 </li>

<li>
 The VLINKS keystroke command, normally mapped to uppercase
 &ldquo;<samp>V</samp>&rdquo;, will show the Visited Links
 Page, and you similarly can select links in that
 list.
 </li>

<li>
 The MAIN_MENU keystroke command, normally mapped to
 &ldquo;<samp>m</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>M</samp>&rdquo;, will take you back to the
 starting document unless you specified the
 -homepage=URL option at the command line.
 </li>

<li>
 Also, the LIST and ADDRLIST keystroke commands, normally
 mapped to &ldquo;<samp>l</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>A</samp>&rdquo; respectively, will create a
 compact lists of all the links in the current document, and
 they can be selected via those lists.
 </li>
 </ul>

The &ldquo;<samp>i</samp>&rdquo; key presents an index of
 documents. The default index offered contains many useful links,
 but can be changed in lynx.cfg or on the command line
 using the -index=URL switch.

If you choose a link to a server with active access
 authorization, Lynx will automatically prompt for a username and
 a password. If you give the correct information, you will then be
 served the requested information. Lynx will automatically send
 your username and password to the same server if it is needed
 again.

[<a href="#ToC-IntraDocNav">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Disposing"><a name="Disposing" id=
 "Disposing">Printing, Mailing, and Saving rendered files to
 disk.</a></h2>

Rendered HTML documents, and plain text files, may be printed
 using the &ldquo;<samp>p</samp>&rdquo; command while viewing the
 document. After pressing the &ldquo;<samp>p</samp>&rdquo; key a
 menu of Print Options will be displayed. The menu will
 vary according to several factors. First, some sites set up
 special accounts to let users run Lynx to access local
 information systems. Typically these accounts require no
 passwords and do not require users to identify themselves. As a
 result such accounts are called "anonymous" accounts, and their
 users are considered "anonymous" users. In most configurations,
 all Lynx users (including anonymous users) are able to mail files
 to themselves and print the entire file to the screen.

Additional print options are available for users who are using
 Lynx from their own accounts (that is, so-called "non-anonymous
 users"). In particular, the Save to a local file option
 allows you to save the document into a file on your disk space.
 Additional print options may also be available as configured in
 the <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> file.

Some options, such as Save to a local file, involve
 prompting for an output filename. All output filename entries are
 saved in a circular buffer, and any previous entries can be
 retrieved for re-use by pressing the up-arrow or
 down-arrow keys at the prompt.

Note that if you want exact copies of text files without any
 expansions of TAB characters to spaces you should use the
 <a href="#RemoteSource">Download</a> options.

[<a href="#ToC-Disposing">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-LocalSource"><a name="LocalSource" id=
 "LocalSource">Viewing the HTML document source and editing
 documents</a></h2>

When viewing HTML documents it is possible to retrieve and
 display the unrendered (i.e., the original HTML) source of the
 document by pressing the &ldquo;<samp>\</samp>&rdquo; (backslash)
 key. Lynx usually caches only the rendering of the document and
 does not keep the source (unless it is configured to do so in the
 <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> file), so to display the source
 unrendered, Lynx must reload it from the server or disk. When
 viewing unrendered documents you may print them as any normal
 document.

Selecting the Print to a local file option from the
 Print Menu, makes it possible to save the source of the document
 to disk so that you may have a local copy of the document source,
 but it is better to <a href="#RemoteSource">Download</a> the
 source.

NOTE: When saving an HTML document it is important to name the
 document with a .html or .htm extension, if you
 want to read it with Lynx again later.

Lynx can allow users to edit documents that
 reside on the local system. To enable editing, documents must be
 referenced using a "file:" URL or by specifying a plain filename
 on the command line as in the following two examples:

<dl>
 <dt>Command</dt>

<dd><code>lynx file://localhost/FULL/PATH/FILENAME</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx path/filename.html</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>

In addition, the user must also specify an editor in the
 Options Menu so that Lynx knows which editor to use. If
 the file is specified correctly and an editor is defined, then
 you may edit documents by using the &ldquo;<samp>e</samp>&rdquo;
 command. When the &ldquo;<samp>e</samp>&rdquo; command is entered
 your specified editor is spawned to edit the file. After changes
 are completed, exit your editor and you will return to Lynx. Lynx
 will reload and render the file so that changes can be
 immediately examined.

[<a href="#ToC-LocalSource">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-RemoteSource"><a name="RemoteSource" id=
 "RemoteSource">Downloading and Saving source files.</a></h2>

If the DOWNLOAD keystroke command
 (&ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<samp>D</samp>&rdquo;) is
 used when positioned on a link for an HTML, plain text, or binary
 file, Lynx will transfer the file, without rendering, into a
 temporary location and present the user with a list of options,
 just as it does when a link for a binary file of a type for which
 no viewer has been mapped is activated.

There is a default Download option of Save to
 disk. This is disabled if Lynx is running in anonymous mode.
 Any number of download methods such as kermit and zmodem may be
 defined in addition to this default in the lynx.cfg
 file. Using the Save to disk option under the PRINT
 command after viewing the source of an HTML with the VIEW SOURCE
 (<samp>\</samp>) command will result in a file which differs from
 the original source in various ways such as tab characters
 expanded to spaces. Lynx formats the source presentation in this
 mode. On the other hand, if the DOWNLOAD command is used, the
 only change will be that Lynx optionally puts

at the start of the file so that relative URLs in the document
 will still work. Even this modification can be prevented by
 setting PREPEND_BASE_TO_SOURCE:FALSE in lynx.cfg.

Some options, such as Save to disk, involve prompting
 for an output filename. All output filename entries are saved in
 a circular buffer, and any previous entries can be retrieved for
 re-use by pressing the up-arrow or down-arrow
 keys at the prompt.

[<a href="#ToC-RemoteSource">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-ReDo"><a name="ReDo" id="ReDo">Reloading files and
 refreshing the display</a></h2>

The RELOAD (Control-R) command will reload and
 re-render the file that you are currently viewing. The REFRESH
 (Control-L or Control-W) command will refresh
 or wipe the screen to remove or correct any errors that may be
 caused by operating system or other messages.

The NOCACHE (&ldquo;<samp>x</samp>&rdquo; or
 &ldquo;<samp>X</samp>&rdquo;) command can be used in lieu of
 ACTIVATE (Return or right-arrow) to request an
 uncached copy and new rendition for the current link, or
 resubmission of a FORM, if a cache from a previous request or
 submission exits. The request or submission will include
 Pragma: no-cache and Cache-Control: no-cache in
 its headers. Note that FORMs with POST content will be
 resubmitted regardless of whether the NOCACHE or ACTIVATE command
 is used (see <a href="#Forms">Lynx and HTML
 Forms</a>).

[<a href="#ToC-ReDo">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Search"><a name="Search" id="Search">Lynx searching
 commands</a></h2>

Two commands activate searching in Lynx:
 &ldquo;<samp>/</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>s</samp>&rdquo;.

While viewing a normal document use the
 &ldquo;<samp>/</samp>&rdquo; command to find a word or phrase
 within the current document. The search type will depend on the
 search option setting in the <a href=
 "#InteractiveOptions">Options Menu</a>. The search options are
 case sensitive and case insensitive. These searches are entirely
 local to Lynx.

Some documents are designated index documents by
 virtue of an ISINDEX element in their HEAD section. These
 documents can be used to retrieve additional information based on
 searches using words or phrases submitted to an index server. The
 Lynx statusline will indicate that you are viewing such a
 document, and if so, the &ldquo;<samp>s</samp>&rdquo; key will
 invoke a statusline prompt to enter a query string. The prompt
 can be specified via a PROMPT attribute in the ISINDEX element.
 Otherwise, Lynx will use an internally configured prompt. The
 address for submitting the search can be specified via an HREF or
 ACTION attribute. Otherwise, Lynx will use the current document's
 URL and append your query string as a ?searchpart (see
 <a href="lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a>).

All search words or strings which you have entered during a
 Lynx session are saved in a circular buffer, and can be retrieved
 for re-use by pressing the up-arrow or
 down-arrow keys at the prompt for a search word or
 string. Also, you can use the &ldquo;<samp>n</samp>&rdquo;ext
 command to repeat a search with the last-entered search word or
 phrase, starting from the current position in the document. The
 word or phrase matches will be highlighted throughout the
 document, but such highlighting will not persist for new
 documents, or if the current document is reloaded. The search
 cycles to the top of the document if the word or phrase is not
 located below your current position.

Although <a href="#Forms">HTML Forms</a> have largely replaced
 index documents for searches via http servers, they are still
 useful for performing searches directly via WAIS or Gopher
 servers in conjunction with the internal gateways for such
 servers. For example, an HTML index document can act as a
 cover page describing a WAIS database and how to
 formulate query strings for searching it, and include an element
 such as:

<pre>
 &lt;ISINDEX PROMPT="Enter WAIS query:"
 HREF="wais://net.bio.net/biologists-addresses"&gt;
</pre>
 for submitting a search of the Biologist's Addresses database
 directly to the net.bio.net WAIS server.

[<a href="#ToC-Search">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-InteractiveOptions"><a name="InteractiveOptions" id=
 "InteractiveOptions">Lynx Options Menu</a></h2>

The Lynx Options Menu may be accessed by pressing the
 &ldquo;<samp>o</samp>&rdquo; key. It allows you to change options
 at runtime, if you need to. Most changes are read from &amp;
 saved to your .lynxrc file; those which are not are marked (!) in
 the form-based menu (as below). Many other options are stored in
 the <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> file.

Lynx supports two styles of Options Menu:

<ul>
 <li><a name="item-form_based_options" href=
 "#explain-form_based_options" id=
 "item-form_based_options">form-based</a></li>

<li><a name="item-key_based_options" href=
 "#explain-key_based_options" id=
 "item-key_based_options">key-based</a></li>
 </ul>

The form-based menu shown
 below is an HTML file generated at runtime, in which the user
 fills in choices as in any ordinary HTML form.

<pre>

<a href="#item-form_based_options" name=
"example-form_based_options" id=
"example-form_based_options">Options Menu (Lynx Version 2.9.0)</a>

Accept Changes - Reset Changes - Left Arrow cancels changes - HELP!

Save options to disk: [ ]
                (options marked with (!) will not be saved)

General Preferences
 User mode : <a href=
"#optinfo-user_mode">[Advanced____]</a>
 Editor : <a href=
"#optinfo-editor">vile______________________________________</a>
 Type of Search : <a href=
"#optinfo-type_of_search">[Case insensitive]</a>

Security and Privacy
 Cookies : <a href=
"#optinfo-cookies">[ask user__]</a>
 Invalid-Cookie Prompting (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-invalid_cookie_prompting">[prompt normally___]</a>
 SSL Prompting (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-ssl_prompting">[prompt normally___]</a>

Keyboard Input
 Keypad mode : <a href=
"#optinfo-keypad_mode">[Numbers act as arrows_____________]</a>
 Emacs keys : <a href=
"#optinfo-emacs_keys">[OFF]</a>
 VI keys : <a href=
"#optinfo-vi_keys">[OFF]</a>
 Line edit style : <a href=
"#optinfo-line_edit_style">[Bash-like Bindings]</a>

Display and Character Set
 Use locale-based character set : <a href=
"#optinfo-locale_based_charset">[ON_]</a>
 Use HTML5 charset replacements(!): <a href=
"#optinfo-use_html5_charset">[OFF]</a>
 Display character set : <a href=
"#optinfo-display_charset">[UNICODE (UTF-8)________________]</a>
 Assumed document character set(!): <a href=
"#optinfo-assumed_document_charset">[iso-8859-1______]</a>
 Internationalized domain names(!): <a href=
"#optinfo-idna_mode">[IDNA TR46______]</a>
 Raw 8-bit : <a href=
"#optinfo-raw_8_bit">[OFF]</a>
 X Display : <a href=
"#optinfo-x_display">localhost:0.0_____________________________</a>

Document Appearance
 Show color : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_color">[ON____]</a>
 Color style (!) : [lynx.lss___________]
 Default colors (!) : [ON_]
 Show cursor : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_cursor">[OFF]</a>
 Underline links (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-underline_links">[OFF]</a>
 Show scrollbar : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_scrollbar">[ON_]</a>
 Popups for select fields : <a href=
"#optinfo-popups_for_select">[ON_]</a>
 HTML error recovery : <a href=
"#optinfo-html_error_recovery">[strict (SortaSGML mode)]</a>
 Bad HTML messages (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-bad_html_messages">[Warn, point to trace-file]</a>
 Show images : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_images">[ignore___]</a>
 Verbose images : <a href=
"#optinfo-verbose_images">[OFF__________]</a>
 Collapse BR tags (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-collapse_br_tags">[OFF_____]</a>
 Trim blank lines (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-trim_blank_lines">[trim-lines]</a>

Headers Transferred to Remote Servers
 Personal mail address : <a href=
"#optinfo-personal_mail_address">__________________________________________</a>
 Personal name for mail : <a href=
"#optinfo-personal_name_for_mail">__________________________________________</a>
 Password for anonymous ftp : <a href=
"#optinfo-password_for_anon_ftp">__________________________________________</a>
 Preferred media type (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_media_type">[Accept lynx's internal types]</a>
 Preferred encoding (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_encoding">[All_____]</a>
 Preferred document character set : <a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_doc_charset">_________________________________</a>
 Preferred document language : <a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_doc_language">en_______________________________</a>
 HTTP protocol (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-http_protocol">[HTTP 1.0]</a>
 Send User-Agent header (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-send_user_agent">[X]</a>
 User-Agent header (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-user_agent">Lynx/2.9.0 libwww-FM/2.14 SSL-MM/1.4.</a>

Listing and Accessing Files
 Use Passive FTP (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-use_passive_ftp">[ON_]</a>
 FTP sort criteria : <a href=
"#optinfo-ftp_sort_criteria">[By Date]</a>
 Local directory sort criteria : <a href=
"#optinfo-local_directory_sort_criteria">[Directories first]</a>
 Local directory sort order : <a href=
"#optinfo-local_directory_sort_order">[By Date_]</a>
 Show dot files : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_dot_files">[OFF]</a>
 Pause when showing message (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-pause_when_showing_message">[ON_]</a>
 Show transfer rate : <a href=
"#optinfo-show_transfer_rate">[Show KiB/sec (2-digits), ETA__]</a>

Special Files and Screens
 Multi-bookmarks : <a href=
"#optinfo-multi_bookmarks">[ADVANCED]</a>
 Review/edit Bookmarks files : Goto multi-bookmark menu
 Auto Session (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-auto_session">[OFF]</a>
 Session file (!) : <a href=
"#optinfo-session_file">__________________________________________</a>
 Visited Pages : <a href=
"#optinfo-visited_pages">[By Last Visit Reversed_]</a>

View the file lynx.cfg.

Accept Changes - Reset Changes - Left Arrow cancels changes
</pre>
 The key-based menu depends on
 key-strokes to identify options which the user wants to change.
 It is compiled into Lynx and is accessed by setting FORMS_OPTIONS
 to TRUE in <code>lynx.cfg</code>.

<pre>

<a href="#item-key_based_options" name=
"example-key_based_options" id=
"example-key_based_options">Options Menu (Lynx Version 2.9.0)</a>

<a href=
"#optinfo-editor">(E)</a>ditor : emacs
 <a href=
"#optinfo-x_display">(D)</a>ISPLAY variable : aixtest.cc.ukans.edu:0.0
 mu<a href=
"#optinfo-multi_bookmarks">(L)</a>ti-bookmarks: OFF <a href=
"#optinfo-bookmark_file">B)</a>ookmark file: lynx_bookmarks.html
 <a href=
"#optinfo-ftp_sort_criteria">(F)</a>TP sort criteria : By Filename
 <a href=
"#optinfo-personal_mail_address">(P)</a>ersonal mail address : montulli@netscape.com
 <a href=
"#optinfo-type_of_search">(S)</a>earching type : CASE INSENSITIVE
 preferred document lan<a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_doc_language">(G)</a>uage: en
 preferred document c<a href=
"#optinfo-preferred_doc_charset">(H)</a>arset : NONE
 display <a href=
"#optinfo-display_charset">(C)</a>haracter set : Western (ISO-8859-1)
 raw 8-bit or CJK m<a href=
"#optinfo-raw_8_bit">(O)</a>de : ON show color <a href=
"#optinfo-show_color">(&amp;)</a> : OFF
 <a href="#optinfo-vi_keys">(V)</a>I keys: OFF e<a href=
"#optinfo-emacs_keys">(M)</a>acs keys: OFF sho<a href=
"#optinfo-show_dot_files">(W)</a> dot files: OFF
 popups for selec<a href=
"#optinfo-popups_for_select">(T)</a> fields : ON show cursor <a href="#optinfo-show_cursor">(@)</a> : OFF
 <a href=
"#optinfo-keypad_mode">(K)</a>eypad mode : Numbers act as arrows
 li<a href=
"#optinfo-line_edit_style">(N)</a>e edit style : Default Binding
 l<a href=
"#optinfo-local_directory_sort_criteria">(I)</a>st directory style : Mixed style
 <a href=
"#optinfo-user_mode">(U)</a>ser mode : Advanced verbose images <a href="#optinfo-verbose_images">(!)</a> : ON
 user <a href=
"#optinfo-user_agent">(A)</a>gent : [User-Agent header]
 local e<a href=
"#optinfo-execution_links">(X)</a>ecution links : FOR LOCAL FILES ONLY
</pre>
 An option can be changed by entering the capital letter or
 character in parentheses for the option you wish to change (e.g.,
 &ldquo;<samp>E</samp>&rdquo; for Editor or
 &ldquo;<samp>@</samp>&rdquo; for show cursor). For fields where
 text must be entered, simply enter the text by typing on the
 keyboard. The <a href="keystrokes/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a>
 can be used to correct mistakes, and Control-U can be
 used to erase the line. When you are done entering a change press
 the Return key to get back to the Command?
 prompt.

For fields where you must choose one of two choices, press any
 key to toggle the choices and press the Return key to
 finish the change.

For fields where you potentially have more than two choices,
 popup windows may be evoked which function homologously to those
 for select fields in <a href="#Forms">HTML Forms</a>. The popup
 windows will be invoked only if you have popups for select fields
 set to ON (see below). Otherwise, your cursor will be positioned
 at the current choice, and you can press any key to cycle through
 the choices, then press the Return key to finish the
 change.

When you are done changing options use the
 &ldquo;<samp>r</samp>&rdquo; command to return to Lynx or the
 &ldquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rdquo; command to save the options to a
 .lynxrc file and return to Lynx.

The following table describes the options available on the
 Options Menu:

<dl>
 <dt><a name="optinfo-assumed_document_charset" id=
 "optinfo-assumed_document_charset">Assumed document character
 set</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option changes the handling of documents which do not
 explicitly specify a charset. Normally Lynx assumes that
 8-bit characters in those documents are encoded according to
 iso-8859-1 (the official default for the HTTP protocol).
 Unfortunately, many non-English web pages "forget" to include
 proper charset info; this option helps you to browse those
 broken pages if you know by some means what the charset
 is.

When the value given here or by an -assume_charset command
 line flag is in effect, Lynx will treat documents as if they
 were encoded accordingly. This option active when &ldquo;Raw
 8-bit or CJK Mode&rdquo; is OFF.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-auto_session" id=
 "optinfo-auto_session">Auto Session</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx can save and restore useful information about your
 browsing history. Use this setting to enable or disable the
 feature.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-bad_html_messages" id=
 "optinfo-bad_html_messages">Bad HTML messages</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Suppress or redirect Lynx's messages about "Bad HTML":

<dl>
 <dt>Ignore</dt>

<dd>
 do not warn; no details are written to the
 trace-file.
 </dd>

<dt>Add to trace-file</dt>

<dd>
 add the detailed warning message to the
 trace-file.
 </dd>

<dt>Add to LYNXMESSAGES</dt>

<dd>
 add the detailed warning message to the message page
 at "LYNXMESSAGES:".
 </dd>

<dt>Warn, point to trace-file</dt>

<dd>
 show a warning message on the status line; the
 complete message is written to the trace-file.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-bookmark_file" id=
 "optinfo-bookmark_file">Bookmark file</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 When multi-bookmarks is OFF, this is the filename and
 location of your default personal bookmark file. Enter
 &ldquo;<samp>B</samp>&rdquo; to modify the filename and/or
 location via the <a href="keystrokes/edit_help.html">Line
 Editor</a>. Bookmark files allow frequently traveled links to
 be stored in personal easy to access files.

Using the &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd bookmark link
 command (see <a href="#Bookmarks">Lynx bookmarks</a>) you may
 save any link that does not have associated POST content into
 a bookmark file. All bookmark files must be in or under your
 account's home directory. If the location specified does not
 begin with a dot-slash (./), its presence will still be
 assumed, and referenced to the home directory.

When multi-bookmarks is STANDARD or ADVANCED, entering
 &ldquo;<samp>B</samp>&rdquo; will invoke a menu of up to 26
 bookmark files (associated with the letters of the English
 alphabet), for editing their filenames and locations
 (filepath), and descriptions.

Lynx will create bookmark files, if they do not already
 exist, when you first &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd a
 bookmark link to them. However, if you've specified a
 subdirectory (e.g., ./BM/lynx_bookmarks.html), that
 subdirectory must already exist. Note that on VMS you should
 use the URL syntax for the filepath (e.g., not
 [.BM]lynx_bookmarks.html).
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-collapse_br_tags" id=
 "optinfo-collapse_br_tags">Collapse BR tags</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If Collapse BR tags is turned off, Lynx will not
 collapse serial <code>BR</code> tags. If turned on, i.e.,
 &ldquo;collapse&rdquo;, two or more concurrent
 <code>BR</code>s will be collapsed into a single line break.
 Note that the valid way to insert extra blank lines in HTML
 is via a <code>PRE</code> block with only newlines in the
 block.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-cookies" id="optinfo-cookies">Cookies</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows you to tell how to handle cookies:
 ignore, prompt (ask user) or accept
 all.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-display_charset" id=
 "optinfo-display_charset">Display Character set</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows you to set up the default character set
 for your specific terminal. The display character set
 provides a mapping from the character encodings of viewed
 documents and from HTML entities into viewable characters. It
 should be set according to your terminal's character set so
 that characters other than 7-bit ASCII can be displayed
 correctly, using approximations if necessary. You must have
 the selected character set installed on your terminal. (Since
 Lynx supports a wide range of platforms it may be useful to
 note that cpXXX codepages used within IBM PC computers, and
 windows-xxxx within native MS-Windows apps.)
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-editor" id="optinfo-editor">Editor</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 The editor to be invoked when editing browsable files,
 when sending mail or comments, when preparing a news article
 for posting, and for external TEXTAREA editing. The full
 pathname of the editor command should be specified when
 possible.

If a full pathname is given, this helps Lynx provide for
 detecting if options were also provided in this field. In
 this case, it will also quote the pathname, allowing for
 embedded blanks and other special characters that might
 confuse the shell which starts the editor program.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-emacs_keys" id="optinfo-emacs_keys">Emacs
 keys</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If set to ON then the CTRL-P, CTRL-N, CTRL-F, and CTRL-B
 keys will be mapped to up-arrow, down-arrow, right-arrow, and
 left-arrow, respectively. Otherwise, they remain mapped to
 their configured bindings (normally UP_TWO lines, DOWN_TWO
 lines, NEXT_PAGE, and PREV_PAGE, respectively).

Note: this has no direct effect on the line-editor's key
 bindings.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-execution_links" id=
 "optinfo-execution_links">Execution links</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This deals with execution of local scripts or links. Local
 execution is activated when Lynx is first set up. If it has
 not been activated you will not see this option in the
 Options Menu.

When a local execution script is encountered Lynx checks
 the users options to see whether the script can be executed.
 Users have the following options:

<dl>
 <dt>Always off</dt>

<dd>
 Local execution scripts will never be executed
 </dd>

<dt>For Local files only</dt>

<dd>
 Local execution scripts will only be executed if the
 script to be executed resides on the local machine, and
 is referenced by a URL that begins with
 file://localhost
 </dd>

<dt>Always on</dt>

<dd>
 All local execution scripts will be executed
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dd>
 If the users options permit the script to be executed Lynx
 will spawn a shell and run the script. If the script cannot
 be executed Lynx will show the script within the Lynx window
 and inform the user that the script is not allowed to be
 executed and will ask the user to check his/her options.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-ftp_sort_criteria" id=
 "optinfo-ftp_sort_criteria">FTP sort criteria</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows you to specify how files will be sorted
 within FTP listings. The current options include "<code>By
 Filename</code>", "<code>By Size</code>", "<code>By
 Type</code>", and "<code>By Date</code>".
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-html_error_recovery" id=
 "optinfo-html_error_recovery">HTML error recovery</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Select the <a href=
 "keystrokes/option_help.html#tagsoup">recovery mode</a> used
 by Lynx.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-http_protocol" id=
 "optinfo-http_protocol">HTTP protocol</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Normally Lynx negotiates HTTP/1.0, because it does not
 support chunked transfer (a requirement for all HTTP/1.1
 clients), although it supports several other features of
 HTTP/1.1. You may encounter a server which does not support
 HTTP/1.0 which can be used by switching to the later
 protocol.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-idna_mode" id=
 "optinfo-idna_mode">Internationalized domain names</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Convert internationalized domain names to and from ASCII.
 <dl>
 <dt>IDNA 2003</dt>

<dd>Convert using the older &ldquo;transitional&rdquo;
 scheme.</dd>

<dd>Convert using the newer &ldquo;non-transitional&rdquo;
 scheme.</dd>

<dd>Use IDNA 2008 with the amendments from Unicode <a href=
 "http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr46">Technical Report
 46</a>.</dd>

<dt>IDNA Compatible</dt>

<dd>First try converting using IDNA 2008, and if
 unsuccessful, try IDNA 2003.</dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-invalid_cookie_prompting" id=
 "optinfo-invalid_cookie_prompting">Invalid-Cookie Prompting</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to tell how to handle invalid cookies:
 prompt normally to prompt for each cookie, force
 yes-response to reply "yes" to each prompt, force
 no-response to reply "no" to each prompt.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-keypad_mode" id=
 "optinfo-keypad_mode">Keypad mode</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option gives the choice among navigating with the
 arrow keys, or having every link numbered so that the links
 may be selected or made current by numbers as well as using
 the arrow keys, or having every link as well as every form
 field numbered so that they can be selected or sought by
 numbers. See the 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="keystrokes/follow_help.html">Follow link
 (or page) number:</a> and 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=
 "keystrokes/follow_help.html#select-option">Select option (or
 page) number:</a> 
 help for more information.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-line_edit_style" id=
 "optinfo-line_edit_style">Line edit style</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows you to set alternative key bindings for
 the built-in line editor, if alternative line-edit bindings
 have been compiled in. Otherwise, Lynx uses the <a href=
 "keystrokes/edit_help.html">Default Binding</a>.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-local_directory_sort_criteria" id=
 "optinfo-local_directory_sort_criteria">Local directory sort
 criteria</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This applies to directory editing. Files and directories
 can be presented in the following ways:

<dl>
 <dt>Mixed style</dt>

<dd>
 Files and directories are listed together in
 alphabetical order.
 </dd>

<dt>Directories first</dt>

<dd>
 Files and directories are separated into two
 alphabetical lists. Directories are listed first.
 </dd>

<dt>Files first</dt>

<dd>
 Files and directories are separated into two
 alphabetical lists. Files are listed first.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-local_directory_sort_order" id=
 "optinfo-local_directory_sort_order">Local directory sort
 order</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 The Options Form also allows you to sort by the file
 attributes.

<dd>
 by filename (the default)
 </dd>

<dd>
 by file size, in descending order
 </dd>

<dd>
 by file modification time, in descending order
 </dd>

<dd>
 by file protection
 </dd>

<dd>
 by filename suffix, e.g., the text beginning with
 &ldquo;.&rdquo;
 </dd>

<dd>
 by file owner's user-id
 </dd>

<dt>By group</dt>

<dd>
 by file owner's group-id
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-multi_bookmarks" id=
 "optinfo-multi_bookmarks">Multi-bookmarks</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx supports a default bookmark file, and up to 26 total
 bookmark files (see below). When multi-bookmarks is OFF, the
 default bookmark file is used for the
 &ldquo;<samp>v</samp>&rdquo;iew bookmarks and
 &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd bookmark link commands. If
 multi-bookmark support is available in your account, the
 setting can be changed to STANDARD or ADVANCED. In STANDARD
 mode, a menu of available bookmarks always is invoked when
 you seek to view a bookmark file or add a link, and you
 select the bookmark file by its letter token (see
 Bookmark file, below) in that menu. In ADVANCED
 mode, you instead are prompted for the letter of the desired
 bookmark file, but can enter &ldquo;<samp>=</samp>&rdquo; to
 invoke the STANDARD selection menu, or RETURN for
 the default bookmark file.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-password_for_anon_ftp" id=
 "optinfo-password_for_anon_ftp">Password for anonymous ftp</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If this is blank, Lynx will use your personal mail address
 as the anonymous ftp password. Though that is the convention,
 some users prefer to use some other string which provides
 less information. If the given value lacks a "@", Lynx also
 will use your computer's hostname as part of the password. If
 both this field and the personal mail address are blank, Lynx
 will use your $USER environment variable, or "WWWuser" if
 even the environment variable is unset.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-pause_when_showing_message" id=
 "optinfo-pause_when_showing_message">Pause when showing
 message</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If set to "off", this overrides the INFOSECS setting in
 lynx.cfg, to eliminate pauses when displaying informational
 messages, like the "-nopause" command line option.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-personal_mail_address" id=
 "optinfo-personal_mail_address">Personal mail address</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This mail address will be used to help you send files to
 yourself and will be included as the From: address in any
 mail or comments that you send. It will also be sent as the
 From: field in HTTP or HTTPS requests if inclusion of that
 header has been enabled via the NO_FROM_HEADER definition in
 <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> (the compilation default is
 not to send the header), or via the -from command
 line toggle.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-personal_name_for_mail" id=
 "optinfo-personal_name_for_mail">Personal mail name</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This mail name will be included as the "X-Personal_Name"
 field in any mail or comments that you send if that header
 has not been disabled via the NO_ANONYMOUS_EMAIL definition
 in <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-popups_for_select" id=
 "optinfo-popups_for_select">Popups for select fields</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx normally uses a popup window for the OPTIONs in form
 SELECT fields when the field does not have the MULTIPLE
 attribute specified, and thus only one OPTION can be
 selected. The use of popup windows can be disabled by
 changing this setting to OFF, in which case the OPTIONs will
 be rendered as a list of radio buttons. Note that if the
 SELECT field does have the MULTIPLE attribute specified, the
 OPTIONs always are rendered as a list of checkboxes.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-preferred_doc_language" id=
 "optinfo-preferred_doc_language">Preferred document
 language</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 The language you prefer if multi-language files are
 available from servers. Use RFC 1766 abbreviations, e.g., en
 for English, fr for French, etc. Can be a comma-separated
 list, which may be interpreted by servers as descending order
 of preferences. You can also make your order of preference
 explicit by using q factors as defined by the HTTP protocol,
 for servers which understand it, for example:
 da,&nbsp;en-gb;q=0.8,&nbsp;en;q=0.7
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-preferred_doc_charset" id=
 "optinfo-preferred_doc_charset">Preferred document charset</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 The character set you prefer if sets in addition to
 ISO-8859-1 and US-ASCII are available from servers. Use MIME
 notation (e.g., ISO-8859-2) and do not include ISO-8859-1 or
 US-ASCII, since those values are always assumed by default.
 Can be a comma-separated list, which may be interpreted by
 servers as descending order of preferences. You can also make
 your order of preference explicit by using q factors as
 defined by the HTTP protocol, for servers which understand
 it, for example: iso-8859-5,&nbsp;utf-8;q=0.8
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-preferred_encoding" id=
 "optinfo-preferred_encoding">Preferred encoding</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 When doing a GET, lynx tells what types of compressed data
 it can decompress (the "Accept-Encoding:" string). This is
 determined by compiled-in support for decompression or
 external decompression programs. Use this option to select
 none, one or all of the supported decompression types.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-preferred_media_type" id=
 "optinfo-preferred_media_type">Preferred media type</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 When doing a GET, lynx lists the MIME types which it knows
 how to present (the "Accept:" string). Depending on your
 system configuration, the mime.types or other data given by
 the GLOBAL_EXTENSION_MAP may include many entries that lynx
 really does not handle. Use this option to select one of the
 built-in subsets of the MIME types that lynx could list in
 the Accept.

<dl>
 <dt>Accept lynx's internal types</dt>

<dd>
 list only the types that are compiled into lynx.
 </dd>

<dt>Also accept lynx.cfg's types</dt>

<dd>
 lists types defined in lynx.cfg, e.g., the VIEWER and
 Cern RULE or RULESFILE settings.
 </dd>

<dt>Also accept user's types</dt>

<dd>
 lists types from the PERSONAL_EXTENSION_MAP setting in
 lynx.cfg
 </dd>

<dt>Also accept system's types</dt>

<dd>
 lists types from the GLOBAL_EXTENSION_MAP setting in
 lynx.cfg
 </dd>

<dt>Accept all types</dt>

<dd>
 adds the types that are in lynx's built-in tables for
 external programs that may be used to present a
 document.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dd>
 Tells Lynx whether 8-bit characters are assumed to
 correspond with the display character set and therefore are
 processed without translation via the chartrans conversion
 tables:

<ul>
 <li>Should be ON by default when the display character set
 is one of the Asian (CJK) sets and the 8-bit characters are
 Kanji multibytes.</li>

<li>Should be OFF for the other display character sets, but
 can be turned ON when the document's charset is unknown
 (e.g., is not ISO-8859-1 and no charset parameter was
 specified in a reply header from an HTTP server to indicate
 what it is) but you know by some means that you have the
 matching display character set selected.</li>

<li>Should be OFF when an Asian (CJK) set is selected but
 the document is ISO-8859-1 or another &ldquo;assumed
 document character set&rdquo;.</li>
 </ul>

The setting also can be toggled via the RAW_TOGGLE
 command, normally mapped to &ldquo;<samp>@</samp>&rdquo;, and
 at startup via the -raw switch.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-send_user_agent" id=
 "optinfo-send_user_agent">Send User-Agent header</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Controls whether the user-agent string will be sent.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-session_file" id=
 "optinfo-session_file">Session file</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Define the file name where lynx will store user sessions.
 This setting is used only when Auto Session is
 enabled.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_color" id="optinfo-show_color">Show
 color</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option will be present if color support is available.
 If set to ON or ALWAYS, color mode will be forced on if
 possible. If (n)curses color support is available but cannot
 be used for the current terminal type, selecting ON is
 rejected with a message. If set to OFF or NEVER, color mode
 will be turned off.

ALWAYS and NEVER are not offered in anonymous accounts. If
 saved to a .lynxrc file in non-anonymous accounts,
 ALWAYS will cause Lynx to set color mode on at startup if
 supported. If Lynx is built with the slang library, this is
 equivalent to having included the -color command
 line switch or having the COLORTERM environment
 variable set. If color support is provided by curses or
 ncurses, this is equivalent to the default behavior of using
 color when the terminal type supports it. If (n)curses color
 support is available but cannot be used for the current
 terminal type, the preference can still be saved but will
 have no effect.

A saved value of NEVER will cause Lynx to assume a
 monochrome terminal at startup. It is similar to the
 -nocolor switch, but (when the slang library is
 used) can be overridden with the -color switch.

If the setting is OFF or ON when the current options are
 saved to a .lynxrc file, the default startup
 behavior is retained, such that color mode will be turned on
 at startup only if the terminal info indicates that you have
 a color-capable terminal, or (when the slang library is used)
 if forced on via the -color switch or
 COLORTERM variable. This default behavior always is
 used in anonymous accounts, or if the option_save
 restriction is set explicitly. If for any reason the startup
 color mode is incorrect for your terminal, set it
 appropriately on or off via this option.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_cursor" id="optinfo-show_cursor">Show
 cursor</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx normally hides the cursor by positioning it to the
 right and if possible the very bottom of the screen, so that
 the current link or OPTION is indicated solely by its
 highlighting or color. If show cursor is set to ON, the
 cursor will be positioned at the left of the current link or
 OPTION. This is helpful when Lynx is being used with a speech
 or braille interface. It also is useful for sighted users
 when the terminal cannot distinguish the character attributes
 used to distinguish the current link or OPTION from the
 others in the screen display.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_dot_files" id=
 "optinfo-show_dot_files">Show dot files</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If display/creation of hidden (dot) files/directories is
 enabled, you can turn the feature on or off via this
 setting.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_images" id="optinfo-show_images">Show
 images</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to select the way in which Lynx shows
 image links. These are the available selections:

<ul>
 <li>ignore to suppress the links altogether,</li>

<li>as labels to show the descriptive text for the
 link</li>

<li>as links, which allows you to use an external
 viewer</li>
 </ul>
 
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_scrollbar" id=
 "optinfo-show_scrollbar">Show scrollbar</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to enable (show) or disable (hide) the
 scrollbar on the right-margin of the display. This feature is
 available with ncurses or slang libraries.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-show_transfer_rate" id=
 "optinfo-show_transfer_rate">Show transfer rate</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to select the way in which Lynx shows its
 progress in downloading large pages. It displays its progress
 in the status line. These are the available selections:

<li>Local directory sort order</li>

<li>Show dot files</li>

<li>Execution links</li>

<li>Pause when showing message</li>

<li>Show transfer rate</li>
 </ul>
 
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-ssl_prompting" id=
 "optinfo-ssl_prompting">SSL Prompting</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to tell how to handle errors detected in
 SSL connections prompt normally to prompt for each
 cookie, force yes-response to reply "yes" to each
 prompt, force no-response to reply "no" to each
 prompt.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-trim_blank_lines" id=
 "optinfo-trim_blank_lines">Trim blank lines</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If Trim blank lines is turned off, Lynx will not
 trim trailing blank lines from the document. Also, Lynx will
 not collapse <code>BR</code>-tags onto the previous line when
 it happens to be empty as part of the Collapse BR
 tags feature.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-type_of_search" id=
 "optinfo-type_of_search">Type of Search</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Searching type has two possible values: CASE INSENSITIVE
 (default) and CASE SENSITIVE. The searching type effects
 inter-document searches only, and determines whether searches
 for words within documents will be done in a case-sensitive
 or case-insensitive manner.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-use_html5_charset" id=
 "optinfo-use_html5_charset">Use HTML5 charset replacements</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows lynx to treat pages with ISO-8859-1
 (Latin1) or ASCII encoding as if they were Windows 1252. That
 allows a few punctuation characters to be shown.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-locale_based_charset" id=
 "optinfo-locale_based_charset">Use locale-based character
 set</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option allows you to request lynx to obtain a MIME
 name from the operating system which corresponds to your
 locale setting. If successful, it overrides the normal
 setting of the display character set.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-underline_links" id=
 "optinfo-underline_links">Underline links</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Use underline-attribute rather than bold for links.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-use_passive_ftp" id=
 "optinfo-use_passive_ftp">Use Passive FTP</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This allows you to change whether Lynx uses passive ftp
 connections.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-user_agent" id=
 "optinfo-user_agent">User-Agent header</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 The header string which Lynx sends to HTTP servers to
 indicate the User-Agent is displayed here. Changes may be
 disallowed via the -restrictions switch. Otherwise,
 the header can be changed temporarily to a string such as
 L_y_n_x/2.9.0 for access to sites which discriminate
 against Lynx based on checks for the presence of "Lynx" in
 the header. If the User-Agent header has been changed, it can
 be restored to the built-in default value by deleting the
 modified string in the Options Menu. Whenever the User-Agent
 header is changed, the current document is reloaded, with the
 no-cache flags set, on exit from the Options Menu. Changes of
 the header are not saved in the RC file.
 </dd>

<dd>
 NOTE: Some sites may regard
 misrepresenting the browser as fraudulent deception, or as
 gaining unauthorized access, if it is used to circumvent
 blocking that was intentionally put in place. Some browser
 manufacturers may find the transmission of their product's
 name objectionable. If you change the User-Agent string, it
 is your responsibility. The Options Menu issues a reminder
 whenever the header is changed to one which does not include
 "Lynx" or "L_y_n_x".
 </dd>

<dd>
 There are four possible choices: Novice, Intermediate,
 Advanced, and Minimal.

<dl>
 <dt>Novice</dt>

<dd>
 In Novice mode two lines of help are displayed at the
 bottom of the screen.
 </dd>

<dt>Intermediate</dt>

<dd>
 Intermediate mode turns off the help lines.
 </dd>

<dt>Advanced</dt>

<dd>
 Advanced mode displays the URL of the currently
 selected link at the bottom of the screen.
 </dd>

<dt>Minimal</dt>

<dd>
 Minimal mode eliminates the URL on the bottom line,
 the forward/backward indicator in the upper left, and
 most status-line messages.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-verbose_images" id=
 "optinfo-verbose_images">Verbose Images</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Controls whether or not Lynx replaces the [LINK], [INLINE]
 and [IMAGE] comments (for images without ALT) with filenames
 of these images. This is extremely useful because now we can
 determine immediately what images are just decorations
 (button.gif, line.gif) and what images are important. This
 setting can also be toggled on startup via the
 -verbose switch.
 </dd>

<dd>
 If set to ON then the lowercase h, j, k, and l keys will
 be mapped to left, down, up, and right arrow, respectively.
 The uppercase H, J, K, and L keys remain mapped to their
 configured bindings (normally HELP, JUMP, KEYMAP, and LIST,
 respectively).

Note: this has no effect on the line-editor's key
 bindings.
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-visited_pages" id=
 "optinfo-visited_pages">Visited Pages</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Enable several different views of the visited links:

<dl>
 <dt>By First Visit</dt>

<dt>By First Visit Reversed</dt>

<dt>As Visit Tree</dt>

<dt>By Last Visit</dt>

<dt>By Last Visit Reversed</dt>
 </dl>
 
 </dd>

<dt><a name="optinfo-x_display" id="optinfo-x_display">X
 Display</a>
 </dt>

<dd>
 This option is only relevant to X Window users. The
 DISPLAY (Unix) or DECW$DISPLAY (VMS) variable is picked up
 automatically from the environment if it has been previously
 set.
 </dd>
 </dl>

[<a href="#ToC-InteractiveOptions">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Mail"><a name="Mail" id="Mail">Comments and mailto:
 links</a></h2>

At any time while viewing documents within Lynx, you may use
 the &ldquo;<samp>c</samp>&rdquo; command to send a mail message
 to the owner of the current document if the author of the
 document has specified ownership. (Note to authors: if you want
 to assign the ownership to your document, you need to add into
 HEAD section a LINK element with appropriate value for REV
 attribute. Two values are recognized: owner and
 made (these are case insensitive). For example,

<pre>
&lt;HEAD&gt;
 &hellip;
 &lt;LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:user@somedomain.com"&gt;
 &hellip;
&lt;/HEAD&gt;
</pre>
 You may also add a TITLE attribute with, for example, the name
 of your page) If no ownership is specified then comments are
 disabled. Certain links called <a href=
 "lynx_url_support.html#mailto_url">mailto:</a> links will also
 allow you to send mail to other people. Using the mail features
 within Lynx is straightforward.

Once you have decided to send a comment or have selected a
 mailto: link a new screen will appear showing you to
 whom you are sending the message. Lynx will ask for your name,
 your e-mail address, and the subject of the message. If you have
 filled in the "personal mail address" field in the Options
 Menu, your e-mail address will be filled in automatically.
 After entering the above information, if you have an editor
 defined in the Options Menu and you are not an anonymous
 user then your specified editor will be spawned for you so that
 you can enter your message. If you do not have an editor defined
 or you are an anonymous user, a simple line mode input scheme
 will allow you to enter your message.

To finish sending the message, exit your spawned editor or, if
 you are using the simple line mode input scheme, type a
 &ldquo;<samp>.</samp>&rdquo; (period) on a line by itself. You
 will be asked a final time whether to send the message. If you
 press &ldquo;<samp>y</samp>&rdquo;, you will be prompted whether
 to append your signature file if one was defined in <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> and is accessible, and then the message
 will be sent, whereas if you press &ldquo;<samp>n</samp>&rdquo;
 the message will be deleted. Entering Control-G in response to
 any prompts also will cancel the mailing.

[<a href="#ToC-Mail">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-News"><a name="News" id="News">USENET News posting</a></h2>

While reading <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/LineMode/User/AboutNewsServers.html">news</a>
 articles with Lynx you should see a link that says Reply to:
 user@host and, if the nntp server from which you received
 the article supports posting from your site, a link that says
 Followup to: newsgroup(s)

<dl>
 <dt>Reply to user@host</dt>

<dd>
 user@host will correspond to the mail address of the
 person who posted the news article. Selecting the link will
 allow you to send a message to the person who wrote the
 message you are currently viewing. You will be given the
 option of including the original message in your reply.
 </dd>

<dt>Followup to newsgroup(s)</dt>

<dd>
 Selecting this link will allow you to post back to the
 newsgroup that you are currently reading and any newsgroups
 to which the message was cross-posted. You will be given the
 option of including the original message in your reply. Once
 you have typed in your message, you will be asked for
 confirmation of whether to proceed with the posting, and
 whether to append your signature file if one was defined in
 <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> and is accessible. See
 <a href="lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a> for more
 information about the URL schemes for posting or sending
 followups (replies) to nntp servers with Lynx. [<a href=
 "#ToC-News">ToC</a>]
 </dd>
 </dl>

See also <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc977/rfc977">RFC 977</a>.

<h2 id="id-Bookmarks"><a name="Bookmarks" id="Bookmarks">Lynx
 bookmarks</a></h2>

Bookmarks are entries in your bookmark file, which
 record the URL of a document you may want to return to easily,
 with a name of your choice to identify the document. To use
 bookmarks you must first have specified a name for your bookmark
 file in <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> or via the Options
 Menu.

To save a bookmark to the document you wish to place in the
 bookmark file press the &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo; key and you
 will be asked:

<blockquote>
 Save D)ocument or L)ink to bookmark file or C)ancel?
 (d,l,c):
 </blockquote>

Answer &ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo; to save a link to the
 document you are currently viewing or
 &ldquo;<samp>l</samp>&rdquo; to save the link that is currently
 selected on the page. Selecting &ldquo;<samp>c</samp>&rdquo; will
 cancel without saving anything to your bookmark file.

A bookmark file will be created in conjunction with acting on
 the &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd command if it does not already
 exist. Otherwise, the link will be added to the bottom of the
 pre-existing bookmark file. You must have created a bookmark file
 via the &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd command before you can
 view it.

Use the &ldquo;<samp>v</samp>&rdquo; command to view the list
 of bookmarks you have saved. While viewing the bookmark list you
 may select a bookmark as you would any other link.

You can remove a link from the bookmark list by pressing the
 &ldquo;<samp>r</samp>&rdquo; key when positioned on that link.
 You also can use a standard text editor (e.g., via the
 &ldquo;<samp>e</samp>&rdquo;dit command while viewing a bookmark
 file, if an external editor has been defined via the Options
 menu) to delete or re-order links in the bookmark file, or
 to modify a link name by editing the content of the
 Anchor element for the link, but you should not change
 the format within the line for the link, consisting of an
 LI element followed by the Anchor element, nor
 cause the line to become wrapped to a second line. You similarly
 can change the link destination by editing the double-quoted
 value for the HREF attribute in the Anchor
 start tag, but you should not otherwise change the spacing within
 the start tag, nor add other attributes. You can add a new link
 while editing by copying an existing line for a link, to ensure
 the proper format, and then modifying its HREF value and
 Anchor content, but you should not add any other HTML
 markup to the bookmark file. If the format and spacing (other
 than the Anchor content or HREF value) within
 lines is changed or other HTML markup is added, the
 &ldquo;<samp>a</samp>&rdquo;dd and
 &ldquo;<samp>r</samp>&rdquo;emove commands may not work
 properly.

When multi-bookmarks (see <a href=
 "#InteractiveOptions">Options Menu</a>) is OFF, you will always
 view or add links to the default bookmark file. When it is
 STANDARD, a menu of up to 26 bookmark files will be invoked, and
 you select the bookmark file by entering its letter token. When
 it is ADVANCED, you will be prompted for the letter token, but
 can enter &ldquo;<samp>=</samp>&rdquo; to invoke the STANDARD
 selection menu, or RETURN for the default bookmark file.
 [<a href="#ToC-Bookmarks">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Jumps"><a name="Jumps" id="Jumps">Jump Command</a></h2>

Similar to the bookmarks file is the jumps file: for an
 example, look in the samples subdirectory in the
 distribution package. To use the jumps command, create a
 jumps file with the same format as the sample file, but
 containing your own URLs &amp; short-cut names. Once you have
 done that, typing &ldquo;<samp>j</samp>&rdquo; prompts you to
 enter a short-cut name, which will take you straight to the URL
 associated with the short-cut in the jumps file, much like using
 &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo;. If you want to check which
 short-cuts are available, type &ldquo;<samp>?</samp>&rdquo; at
 the jump prompt for the full list.

You can set up a jumps file which makes Lynx prompt for
 parameters, e.g., as part of a search. Do this by putting a "%s"
 marker in the URL at each point where you want Lynx to fill in
 text. When you activate the corresponding jump, Lynx will prompt
 you for the parameters, one by one.

All jump short-cuts you have entered are saved in a circular
 buffer in the same way as with &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>/</samp>&gt;&rdquo; (search):

previous entries can be retrieved with up-arrow or
 down-arrow.

The jumps feature is especially useful for system
 administrators who have unsophisticated users to care for, but
 ordinary Lynx users who have a number of URLs they regularly
 visit while browsing may find using the jumps command speeds
 their movements.

For more advice how to set up the jumps command on your system
 and how to define short-cut names, read <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> .

[<a href="#ToC-Jumps">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-DirEd"><a name="DirEd" id="DirEd">Directory
 Editing</a></h2>

Lynx offers extended DIRED support on Unix (on VMS the more
 powerful CSwing program is recommended for character cell
 terminals, and can be offered via Lynx as a jump shortcut or
 execution link). When a local directory is accessed using a URL
 of the form file://localhost/path/, a new set of
 commands is available. With DIRED support you can create, edit,
 delete, copy, and move files on your local system. The commands
 available in DIRED mode are

<dl>
 <dt><code>C)reate</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>c</samp>&rdquo; to create a new file.
 New file will be empty.
 </dd>

<dt><code>D)ownload</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo; to download using one of
 the pre-defined options.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>e</samp>&rdquo; to spawn the editor
 defined in Options Menu and load a selected file for
 editing.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>f</samp>&rdquo; to show full menu of
 options available for selection. Menu may vary according to
 type of file selected and compression facilities available. 
 
 </dd>

<dt><code>M)odify</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>m</samp>&rdquo; to modify the name or
 location of file. Then type &ldquo;<samp>n</samp>&rdquo; to
 rename the file or &ldquo;<samp>l</samp>&rdquo; to move the
 file to a different location.
 </dd>

<dt><code>R)emove</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>r</samp>&rdquo; to remove the selected
 file or directory.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>t</samp>&rdquo; to tag highlighted file.
 Further operations will be performed on tagged files instead
 of highlighted ones.
 </dd>

<dt><code>U)pload</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Type &ldquo;<samp>u</samp>&rdquo; to upload a file to the
 present directory. An uploading method must have been
 pre-defined in <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> .
 </dd>
 </dl>

[<a href="#ToC-DirEd">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-ColorMouse"><a name="ColorMouse" id="ColorMouse">Using
 Color &amp; the Mouse</a></h2>

A limited range of colors &amp; mouse commands are available,
 if the user chooses: see lynx.cfg for details. [<a href=
 "#ToC-ColorMouse">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-MiscKeys"><a name="MiscKeys" id="MiscKeys">Scrolling
 and Other useful commands</a></h2>

A summary of all the keystroke commands and their key bindings
 can be invoked via the KEYMAP command, normally mapped to
 &ldquo;<samp>k</samp>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<samp>K</samp>&rdquo;.
 The following describes some of the most commonly used
 commands.

<dd>
 Control-A jumps you to the beginning of the
 current document. It is a synonym for the Keypad
 Home key, and can be used also when Links are
 numbered mode is on. The Find Function key also
 is a synonym, and ideally the latter has been mapped to the
 Function key labeled Home if you are using an IBM
 Enhanced Keyboard.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-E jumps you to the end of the current
 document. It is a synonym for the Keypad End key,
 and can be used also when Links are numbered mode is
 on. The Select Function key also is a synonym, and
 ideally the latter has been mapped to the Function key
 labeled End if you are using an IBM Enhanced
 Keyboard.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-B normally jumps you to the previous page
 of the current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad
 and Function Page-Up keys. However,
 Control-B acts as right-arrow when
 emacs-like key movement is enabled (see <a href=
 "#InteractiveOptions">Lynx Options Menu</a>).
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-F normally jumps you to the next page of
 the current document, and thus is a synonym for the Keypad
 and Function Page-Down keys. However,
 Control-F becomes right-arrow when
 emacs-like key movement is enabled.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-N normally jumps you forward two lines in
 the current document. The VT220 Remove Function key
 (labeled Delete on IBM Enhanced keyboards, and
 distinct from their Backspace key) is a synonym.
 Control-N becomes down-arrow when
 emacs-like key movement is enabled.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-P normally jumps you back two lines in
 the current document. The Insert Function key is a
 synonym. Control-P becomes up-arrow when
 emacs-like key movement is enabled.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-K invokes the <a href=
 "keystrokes/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a> if it
 contains cookies.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-T toggles Lynx trace mode on and off.
 This is useful for diagnosing bad html. If you get a Bad
 HTML statusline message when loading a document, enter
 Control-T and then Control-R to reload the
 document in trace mode. You may then examine the Lynx
 Trace Log file with the <samp>;</samp> command if
 enabled (see below), watch out especially for lines marked
 with a number of asterisks &ldquo;<code>*****</code>&rdquo;.
 You also can submit the document for validation via links in
 the online help menu. If you are able to diagnose the
 problem, send a message about it to the document's
 author.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Control-X invokes the <a href="#Cache">Cache Jar
 Page</a> if it contains cached documents.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>E</samp>&rdquo; command allows you to
 edit the URL (or ACTION) of the current link and then use
 that as a goto URL. Pressing the &ldquo;<samp>E</samp>&rdquo;
 command will bring up a prompt asking you to edit the current
 link's URL. If you do not modify it, or completely delete it,
 or enter Control-G, the command will be cancelled. Otherwise,
 the request for the &ldquo;E&rdquo;dited URL will be sent
 with method GET, and will be entered into the circular buffer
 for goto URLs so that it can be accessed for further
 modification via the &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; command.
 Note that lower case &ldquo;e&rdquo; invokes the external
 editor for the current document.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; command allows any URL to
 be viewed. Pressing the &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; command
 will bring up a prompt asking for a URL. Type in the URL that
 you wish to view. All previously entered goto URLs are saved
 in a circular buffer, and can be accessed at the prompt by
 pressing the up-arrow or down-arrow
 keys.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>G</samp>&rdquo; command allows you to
 edit the URL of the current document and then use that as a
 goto URL. Pressing the &ldquo;<samp>G</samp>&rdquo; command
 will bring up a prompt asking you to edit the current
 document's URL. If you do not modify it, or completely delete
 it, or enter Control-G, the command will be cancelled. If the
 current document has POST content associated with it, an
 Alert will be issued. If you do edit that URL, and it does
 not simply involve a fragment change (for seeking a position
 in the current document), the modified URL will be submitted
 with method GET and no POST content. If a modification of the
 current document's URL results in a submission, that modified
 URL will be entered into the circular buffer for goto URLs,
 and can be accessed for further modification via the
 &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; command.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Lynx supports completely interruptible I/O processes.
 Press the &ldquo;<samp>z</samp>&rdquo; key at any time during
 a connect or transfer process and the process will be halted.
 If any data was transferred before the interrupt, it will be
 displayed.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The <samp>)</samp> command jumps you forward half a page
 in the current document.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The <samp>(</samp> command jumps you back half a page in
 the current document.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo; command jumps you to the
 pseudo Toolbar or Banner if present in the current document.
 Use left-arrow to return from there to your previous
 position in the document.
 </dd>

<dd>
 When &ldquo;<samp>!</samp>&rdquo; is pressed your default
 shell will be spawned. When you quit or exit the shell you
 will return to Lynx (usually exit under Unix and
 logout under VMS). This command is usually disabled
 for anonymous users. On VMS, &ldquo;<samp>$</samp>&rdquo;
 normally is a synonym.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>=</samp>&rdquo; command shows information
 about the current document and the currently selected link if
 there is one. The number of lines in the file, URL, title,
 owner, and type are shown.

Normally the information is shown formatted (with margins)
 for readability. You can make Lynx show the URL wrapped
 without margins, e.g., making it convenient for select/paste,
 by doing this:

<ul>
 <li>toggle line-wrapping off using
 &ldquo;<samp>|</samp>&rdquo;</li>

<li>when line-wrapping is off, use the
 &ldquo;<samp>=</samp>&rdquo; command</li>
 </ul>
 </dd>

<dd>
 The <samp>;</samp> command shows the Lynx Trace
 Log (Lynx.trace in the home directory) if one
 has been started for the current session. If a log has not
 been started, any trace messages will be sent to the screen
 (and will disturb the normal display) unless the system
 supports piping and that was used to redirect stderr messages
 to a file. The log is started when Lynx trace mode is turned
 on via the -trace command line switch, or via the
 Control-T toggle, if Lynx has been compiled to log
 the trace and other stderr messages by default. If not,
 ability to create a log can be toggled on with the
 -tlog switch. Note that this ability is probably
 disabled in anonymous or validation accounts.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>*</samp>&rdquo; command toggles
 image_links mode on and off. When on, links will be created
 for all images, including inline images. If you have an image
 viewer mapped to the image's MIME type, you can activate such
 links to view an inline image. You should normally have this
 mode toggled off.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>@</samp>&rdquo; command toggles raw 8-bit
 or CJK mode on and off. When on, the charset is assumed to
 match the selected character set and 8-bit characters are not
 reverse translated with respect to the ISO-8859-1 conversion
 tables.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>[</samp>&rdquo; command toggles
 pseudo_inlines mode on and off. When on, inline images which
 have no ALT string specified will have an [INLINE]
 pseudo-ALT string inserted in the Lynx display. When off,
 they will be treated as having ALT="" (i.e., they will be
 ignored). If image_links mode is toggled on, the pseudo-ALT
 strings will be restored, to serve as links to the inline
 images' sources.
 </dd>

<dd>
 The &ldquo;<samp>]</samp>&rdquo; command is used to send
 HEAD requests for the current document or link. It applies
 only to documents or links (or form submit buttons) of http
 servers. A statusline message will notify you if the context
 for this command was inappropriate. The HEAD requests always
 are sent to the http server, i.e., Lynx does not retrieve any
 previous server replies from its cache. Note that for form
 submissions, http servers vary in whether they'll treat HEAD
 requests as valid and return the CGI script's headers, or
 treat it as invalid and return an error message.
 </dd>

<dd>
 If the line-wrapping margin is wider than the terminal's
 display, scroll left by half of the display's width.

This feature is not available when Lynx is built using the
 slang library.
 </dd>

<dd>
 &ldquo;<samp>|</samp>&rdquo; toggles Lynx line-wrapping
 on/off. Normally Lynx fits text onto the screen, wrapping
 lines. With this feature, Lynx provides the ability to
 eliminate line-wrapping (up to an internal line-limit of 1000
 characters). Lynx uses the curses &ldquo;pad&rdquo; feature
 to support left/right scrolling. You can scroll left and
 right in the screen to view the wide lines.

The popup menu for the command shows the other choices
 which extend the wrapping margin:

This feature is not available when Lynx is built using the
 slang library.
 </dd>

<dd>
 If the line-wrapping margin is wider than the terminal's
 display, scroll right by half of the display's width.

This feature is not available when Lynx is built using the
 slang library.
 </dd>

<dt>numbers
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx offers other, advanced navigation features when
 numbers are used to invoke the <a href=
 "keystrokes/follow_help.html">Follow Link (or goto link or
 page) number:</a> or <a href=
 "keystrokes/follow_help.html#select-option">Select Pop-up
 Option Number:</a> prompts.
 </dd>
 </dl>

[<a href="#ToC-MiscKeys">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Forms"><a name="Forms" id="Forms">Lynx and HTML
 Forms</a></h2>

This section describes the Lynx Forms Interface. HTML gives
 document providers the ability to create on-line forms which may
 be filled out when the document is viewed. When a form is
 submitted the information on the form can be used to search a
 database or complete a survey.

An HTML Form provides for the use of buttons to perform an
 action (such as submit), checkboxes, radio buttons or
 popups to select options from a list, and fields for entering
 text.

<dl>
 <dt>Buttons:</dt>

<dd>
 Buttons are displayed in the same way that Lynx displays
 links in a document. To "push" the button press the
 right-arrow or Return key. If it is a form
 submission button, you also can use the NOCACHE
 (&ldquo;<samp>x</samp>&rdquo;) or DOWNLOAD
 (&ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo;) keystroke commands to "push"
 the button (see below).
 </dd>

<dt>Checkboxes and Radio buttons</dt>

<dd>
 Checkboxes are displayed as square brackets:
 [&nbsp;] and radio buttons are displayed as
 parenthesis: (&nbsp;). When a box is checked or a
 button selected, an <samp>x</samp> appears in the brackets:
 [x] or an asterisk appears within the parenthesis:
 (*). To check a box or select a radio button press
 the right-arrow or Return key.
 </dd>

<dt>Selection Fields</dt>

<dd>
 Selection fields are displayed as brackets with the
 default option displayed between them: [default__].
 To select an option press the right-arrow or
 Return key. A box with a border of asterisks (or
 line-drawing characters) will pop up with the list of
 possible options listed within the box. Use the
 up-arrow, down-arrow, page-up,
 page-down, and other navigation keys to move the
 cursor among options, and the right-arrow or
 Return key to select an option. You also can use the
 &ldquo;<samp>/</samp>&rdquo; and
 &ldquo;<samp>n</samp>&rdquo;ext <a href=
 "#Search">searching</a> commands for navigating to options
 which contain particular strings. NOTE that the
 popup menu feature can be disabled via compilation and/or
 configuration options, or via the <a href=
 "#InteractiveOptions">Options Menu</a>, in which case the
 selection field options will be converted to a list of radio
 buttons. The default setting for use of popups or radio
 button lists can be toggled via the -popup command
 line switch.
 </dd>

<dt>Text Entry Fields</dt>

<dd>
 Text entry (INPUT) fields are displayed as a row of
 underscores the length of the entry field: _______.
 You may enter text directly by typing at the keyboard. Use
 the <a href="keystrokes/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a> keys
 to correct errors. If you try to input more text than the
 field can hold, the line editor will not accept the
 additional characters. If you fill a text field the cursor
 will not move off the field but remain at the last field
 position. Use the up-arrow, and down-arrow,
 TAB or Return keys to move up, or down from
 the text entry field. NOTE, however, that Return
 also will <a href="#submit">submit</a> the form if the text
 entry field is the only non-hidden field in the form. If
 <a name="tna" id="tna">"Textfields Need Activation"</a> mode
 is turned on (with the <kbd>-tna</kbd> command-line option or
 in <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>), then text entry fields
 do not become active immediately upon being selected, as
 normally. Keystrokes have their normal command meaning unless
 the Line Editor gets activated with Return or
 Right Arrow. This mode can be used to avoid "getting
 stuck" in input fields, especially by users who rarely fill
 out forms.

<a name="CtrlVNote" id="CtrlVNote">NOTE:</a> If you have a
 text input field selected you will not have access to most of
 the Lynx keystroke commands, because they are interpreted by
 the <a href="keystrokes/edit_help.html">Line Editor</a> as
 either text entries or editing commands. Select a button or
 box when you want to use Lynx keystrokes; or prefix your
 keystroke with ^V to temporarily escape from line
 editing.

Some flavors of UNIX, shells &amp; terminal settings
 require that you enter ^V^Ve in order to start the
 external editor, as they also use ^V as default
 command-line quote key (called &ldquo;lnext&rdquo; in stty
 man pages and &ldquo;stty -a&rdquo; output); to avoid this,
 you can put &ldquo;stty lnext undef&rdquo; in your .cshrc
 file (or .profile or .bashrc, depending on what shell you
 use), or invoke Lynx with a wrapper script, e.g.

<code>&nbsp;&nbsp;#!/bin/sh 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;stty lnext undef 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;$HOME/bin/lynx "$@" 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;stty lnext ^V 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;exit</code>

NB when NOT in the Line Editor, ^V is by default
 bound to the command to switch between SortaSGML and TagSoup
 HTML parsing (i.e., SWITCH_DTD). To avoid confusion, either
 of these separate functions could be changed (mapped away)
 with a KEYMAP directive in lynx.cfg. For
 example,

&nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:^V:DO_NOTHING 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:#:SWITCH_DTD

would map SWITCH_DTD away from ^V to
 <samp>#</samp>, while leaving its default Line Editor
 function as a command escape in place. On the other hand,

&nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:^V::NOP:1 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:^_::LKCMD:1

would move ^V's Line Editor binding as command
 escape to ^_ for the first Line Edit style, letting
 ^V still act as SWITCH_DTD outside of text input
 fields.
 </dd>

<dt>TEXTAREA Fields</dt>

<dd>
 TEXTAREA fields are for most purposes handled as if they
 were a series of text entry (INPUT) fields for which
 successive lines imply a newline at the end of the preceding
 line. You enter text on each line to construct the overall
 message. Any blank lines at the bottom of the TEXTAREA field
 will be eliminated from the submission. The
 up-arrow, and down-arrow or Return
 keys move you to the preceding, or next line of the overall
 message, as for INPUT fields. The TAB key will move
 you down beyond the bottom of the TEXTAREA field, and
 Back Tab (if available, e.g., as Shift-Tab, and
 correctly mapped in the terminal description) will move
 backward to a link or field before the TEXTAREA.
 </dd>

<dt>Editing TEXTAREA Fields and Special TEXTAREA Functions</dt>

<dd>
 TEXTAREA fields can be edited using an external editor.
 The statusline should tell you when this is possible and what
 key to use, it might for example say

<pre>
 (Textarea) Enter text. [ ..... ] (^Xe for editor).
</pre>
 An external editor has to be defined, for example in the
 <a href="#InteractiveOptions">Options Menu</a>, before you
 can start using this function.

A key to invoke external TEXTAREA editing is normally
 provided by the <a href=
 "keystrokes/edit_help.html">Line-Editor Key</a> Bindings. A
 KEYMAP directive in lynx.cfg can also be used to
 make a different key invoke external editing; it will then
 normally be necessary to prefix that key with ^V to
 "escape" from line-editing. Two variants exist, 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:e:EDITTEXTAREA 
 or 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:e:DWIMEDIT 
 (the first is only functional for TEXTAREA editing, while the
 second allows to use the same key for normal <a href=
 "#FileEdit">file editing</a> as long as both functions do
 not conflict).

Please see the <a href="#CtrlVNote">note above</a> for
 details about ^V behavior.
 You can also use two other special TEXTAREA functions. Again,
 these are already bound to key sequences in the <a href=
 "keystrokes/edit_help.html#TASpecial">Line-Editor
 Bindings</a>, by default ^Xg and ^Xi. You
 can use different keys by adding KEYMAP bindings to your
 lynx.cfg file, e.g.
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:$:GROWTEXTAREA 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:#:INSERTFILE

With these bindings, (in a TEXTAREA only) ^V$
 would add 5 lines to the TEXTAREA and ^V# would
 prompt for the name of an existing file to be inserted into
 the TEXTAREA (above the cursorline). An automatic variation
 of GROWTEXTAREA is normally compiled in, so that hitting
 Enter with the cursor on the last line adds a new
 line to the TEXTAREA, with the cursor on it.

If you have some single keys (or control keys) to spare
 that you do not need for their normal purposes, you can
 dedicate those keys to invoke the special functions (without
 requiring a prefix key). For example, to use the ^E
 key for the DWIMEDIT action, and the Insert key for
 the INSERTFILE action, use 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:^E:DWIMEDIT:PASS 
 &nbsp;&nbsp;KEYMAP:0x10C:INSERTFILE:PASS 
 (see lynx.cfg for other keystroke codes to use).

Note that the default bindings that use ^X as a
 prefix key may also work by substituting the
 <kbd>Escape</kbd> key for ^X. If your keyboard has a modifier
 (Meta) key that gets transmitted as an ESC prefix, for
 example <kbd>Alt</kbd>, you can then even use Alt-e
 instead of ^Xe, Alt-g instead of
 ^Xg, and so on. But this does not work reliably
 everywhere (it depends on the way Lynx is compiled, including
 which libraries are used, and behavior of the connection and
 terminal type).
 </dd>
 </dl>

In general, you can move around the form using the standard
 Lynx navigation keys. The up-arrow and
 down-arrow keys, respectively, select the previous or
 next field, box, or button. The TAB key selects the next
 field, box, or button.

To <a name="submit" id="submit">submit</a> the form
 press right-arrow or Return when positioned on
 the form's submit button. If you've submitted the form previously
 during the Lynx session, have not changed any of the form
 content, and the METHOD was GET, Lynx will retrieve from
 its cache what was returned from the previous submission. If you
 wish to resubmit that form to the server with the same content as
 previously, use the NOCACHE command
 (&ldquo;<samp>x</samp>&rdquo;) when positioned on the submit
 button. The right-arrow and Return keys also
 will invoke a no-cache resubmission if the reply from a form
 submission included a META element with a no-cache Pragma or
 Cache-Control directive:

<pre>
 &lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Pragma" CONTENT="no-cache"&gt;
 &lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Cache-Control" CONTENT="no-cache"&gt;
</pre>
 or the server sent a "Pragma" or "Cache-Control" MIME header
 with a no-cache directive.

You also can use the DOWNLOAD (&ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo;)
 keystroke command when positioned on a form submit button if you
 wish to download the server's reply to the submission instead of
 having Lynx render and display it.

Forms which have POST as the METHOD, or a <a href=
 "lynx_url_support.html#mailto_url">mailto:</a> URL as the ACTION,
 are always resubmitted, even if the content has not changed, when
 you activate the submit button. Lynx normally will not
 resubmit a form which has POST as the METHOD if the
 document returned by the form has links which you activated, and
 then you go back via the PREV_DOC (left-arrow) command
 or via the <a href="keystrokes/history_help.html">History
 Page</a>. Lynx can be compiled so that it resubmits the form in
 those cases as well, and the default can be changed via <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>, and toggled via the
 -resubmit_posts command line switch.

If the form has one text entry field and no other
 fields except, possibly, hidden INPUT fields not included in the
 display, then that field also serves as a submit button,
 and pressing right-arrow or Return on that
 field will invoke submission of the form. Be sure to use
 up-arrow, down-arrow or TAB to move
 off the text entry field, in such cases, if it is not your
 intention to submit the form (or to retrieve what was returned
 from an earlier submission if the content was not changed and the
 METHOD was GET).

Forms can have multiple submit buttons, if they have
 been assigned NAMEs in the markup. In such cases, information
 about which one of the buttons was used to submit the form is
 included in the form content.

Inlined images can be used as submit buttons in forms: If such
 buttons are assigned NAMEs in the markup, for graphic clients
 they can also serve as <a href="#USEMAP">image maps</a>, and the
 x,y coordinates of the graphic client's cursor position in the
 image when it was clicked are included in the form
 content. Since Lynx cannot inline the image, and the user could
 not have moved a cursor from the origin for the image, if no
 alternatives are made available in the markup Lynx sends a 0,0
 coordinate pair in the form content.

Document authors who use images as submit buttons, but have at
 least some concern for text clients and sight-challenged
 Webizens, should include VALUEs for the buttons in such markup.
 Lynx will then display the string assigned to the VALUE, as it
 would for a normal submit button.

<ul>
 <li>
 Some document authors incorrectly use an ALT instead of
 VALUE attribute for this purpose. Lynx "cooperates" by
 treating ALT as a synonym for VALUE when present in an INPUT
 tag with TYPE="image".
 </li>

<li>
 If neither a VALUE nor an ALT attribute is present, Lynx
 displays "[IMAGE]-Submit" as the string for such buttons.
 </li>

<li>
 If clickable images is set, the "[IMAGE]" portion of the
 string is a link for the image, and the "Submit" portion is
 the button for submitting the form.

Otherwise, the entire string is treated as a submit
 button. If a VALUE or ALT attribute is present and clickable
 images is set, Lynx prepends "[IMAGE]" as a link for the
 image, followed by &ldquo;-&rdquo; and then the attribute's
 value as the displayed string for the submit button.
 </li>
 </ul>

Early versions of Lynx would send a name=value pair instead of
 a 0,0 coordinate pair if a TYPE="image" submit button was
 NAME-ed, had a VALUE attribute in the INPUT tag, and was used to
 submit the form. The script which analyzes the form content thus
 could be made aware whether the submission was by a user with a
 graphic client and had image loading turned on, or by a user who
 did not see the image nor make a conscious choice within it.
 However, requests that this be included in HTML specifications
 consistently have fallen on deaf ears, and thus Lynx now "fakes"
 a 0,0 coordinate pair whether or not a VALUE or ALT attribute is
 present in the INPUT tag. Ideally, the script which analyzes the
 submitted content will treat the 0,0 coordinate pair as an
 indicator that the user did not see the image and make a
 conscious choice within it.

Forms can have hidden INPUT fields, which are not
 displayed, but have NAMEs and VALUEs included in the content.
 These often are used to keep track of information across a series
 of related form submissions, but have the potential for including
 information about the user that might be considered to represent
 an invasion of privacy. NOTE, in this regard, that Lynx has
 implemented the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Markup/html3/">HTML
 3.0</a> DISABLED attribute for all of its form
 fields. These can be used to keep track of information across
 submissions, and to cast it unmodifiable in the current form, but
 keep the user aware that it will be included in the
 submission.

Forms most commonly are submitted to http servers with the
 content encoded as
 ENCTYPE="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" for analysis
 by a script, and Lynx treats that as the default if no ENCTYPE is
 specified in the FORM start tag. However, you can specify a
 <a href="lynx_url_support.html#mailto_url">mailto</a> URL as the
 form's ACTION to have the form content sent, instead, to an email
 address. In such cases, you may wish to specify
 ENCTYPE="text/plain" in the form markup, so that the
 content will not be encoded, but remain readable as plain
 text.

Lynx also supports
 ENCTYPE="application/sgml-form-urlencoded" for which all
 reserved characters in the content will be hex escaped, as with
 application/x-www-form-urlencoded, but semicolons
 (&ldquo;<samp>;</samp>&rdquo;) instead of ampersands
 (&ldquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rdquo;) will be used as the separator
 for name=value pairs in the form content. The use of semicolons
 is preferred for forms with the GET METHOD, because the
 GET METHOD causes the encoded form content to be
 appended as a ?searchpart for the form's ACTION, and if
 such URLs are used in text/html documents or bookmark
 files without conversion of the ampersands to SGML character
 references (&amp;amp; or &amp;#38;), their
 being followed by form field NAMEs which might correspond to SGML
 entities could lead to corruption of the intended URL.

NOTE, in this regard, that Lynx converts ampersands to
 &amp;amp; when creating bookmarks, and thus the bookmark
 links will not be vulnerable to such corruptions. Also NOTE that
 Lynx allows you to save links in your bookmark file for documents
 returned by forms with the GET METHOD, and which thus
 have the content appended as a ?searchpart, but not if
 the METHOD was POST, because the content would be lost
 and the link thus would be invalid.

Lynx supports ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data" for
 sending form content with name=value pairs encoded as multipart
 sections with individual MIME headers and boundaries. However,
 Lynx does not yet support INPUTs with TYPE="file" or
 TYPE="range" and will set the DISABLED
 attribute for all of the form's fields if any INPUTs with either
 of those two TYPEs are present, so that the form cannot be
 submitted. Otherwise, Lynx will submit the form with the
 multipart ENCTYPE.

A
 Content-Disposition:&nbsp;file;&nbsp;filename=name.suffix
 header can be used by CGI scripts to set the suggested filename
 offered by Lynx for &ldquo;<samp>d</samp>&rdquo;ownload and
 &ldquo;<samp>p</samp>&rdquo;rint menu options to save or mail the
 body returned by the script following submission of a FORM.
 Otherwise, Lynx uses the last symbolic element in the path for
 the FORM's ACTION, which is normally the script, itself, or a
 PATH_INFO field, and thus might be misleading. This also can be
 done via a META element in any document:

<pre>
 &lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Disposition"
 CONTENT="file; filename=name.suffix"&gt;
</pre>
 [<a href="#ToC-Forms">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Images"><a name="Images" id="Images">Lynx and HTML
 Images</a></h2>

As a text browser, Lynx does not display images as such -- you
 need to define a viewer in lynx.cfg: see there -- , but
 users can choose a number of ways of showing their presence.

There are 3 choices in lynx.cfg, with 2 corresponding
 keys:

<pre>
 MAKE_LINKS_FOR_ALL_IMAGES * IMAGE_TOGGLE
 MAKE_PSEUDO_ALTS_FOR_INLINES [ INLINE_TOGGLE
 VERBOSE_IMAGES no corresponding key
</pre>
 You can also use the Options Menu, as outlined
 below:

<pre>
 key lynx.cfg FM KM .lynxrc variable in source

*  MAKE_LINKS_     Y  N       N    clickable_images
       [  MAKE_PSEUDO_    Y  N       N    pseudo_inline_alts
          VERBOSE_        Y  Y       Y    verbose_img

FM = Form-based Menu ; KM = Key-based Menu ;
in .lynxrc , VERBOSE_IMAGES is called &ldquo;verbose_images&rdquo;:
the other two cannot be saved between sessions.
</pre>
 In the Form-based Menu, the 3-way &ldquo;Show images&rdquo;
 selection combines the effects of the &ldquo;*&rdquo; &amp;
 &ldquo;[&rdquo; keys, as follows:

<pre>
 Ignore clickable_images = FALSE, pseudo_inline_alts = FALSE
 As labels clickable_images = FALSE, pseudo_inline_alts = TRUE
 As links clickable_images = TRUE, pseudo_inline_alts = unchanged
</pre>
 <h2 id="id-Tables"><a name="Tables" id="Tables">Lynx and HTML
 Tables</a></h2>

HTML includes markup for creating tables structured
 as arrays of cells aligned by columns and rows on the displayed
 page.

Lynx recognizes the TABLE element and all of its associated
 elements as described in <a href=
 "http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1942.html">RFC 1942</a> and will
 process any ID attributes in the start tags for handling as
 NAME-ed anchors, but does not create actual tables.
 Instead, it treats the TR start tag as a collapsible BR (line
 break), and inserts a collapsible space before the content of
 each TH and TD start tag. This generally makes all of the content
 of the table readable, preserves most of the intra-cell
 organization, and makes all of the links in the table
 accessible, but any information critically dependent on the
 column and row alignments intended for the table will be
 missed.

If inherently tabular data must be presented with Lynx, one
 can use PRE formatted content, or, if the table includes
 markup not allowed for PRE content, construct the table
 using <a href="#Tabs">HTML Tabs</a>. An example table
 using TAB elements is included in the test subdirectory
 of the Lynx distribution.

<div id="TRST">
 Starting with version 2.8.3, Lynx renders some tables in
 tabular form. This tabular representation for simple
 tables (<dfn>TRST</dfn>) does not attempt to implement full
 support for any table model. Limitations are:

<ul>
 <li>All data constituting a table row generally has to fit
 within the display width without inserting line breaks.</li>

<li>Cell contents have to be simple. In general, only inline
 markup is acceptable, no <code>&lt;P&gt;</code>,
 <code>&lt;BR&gt;</code> etc. (although
 <code>&lt;BR&gt;</code> may be ignored at the beginning of
 the first cell or at the end of the last cell of a row).</li>

<li>When tables are nested, only the innermost level is a
 candidate for tabular representation.</li>

<li>Most attributes are ignored, including borders,
 <code>WIDTH</code>, vertical alignment.</li>
 </ul>

Horizontal alignments (<code>LEFT</code>,
 <code>CENTER</code>, <code>RIGHT</code>), <code>COLSPAN</code>,
 and <code>ROWSPAN</code> are interpreted according to HTML
 4.01. (<code>ROWSPAN</code> can only reserve empty space in
 subsequent rows, because of the limitations above.) When TRST
 fails because a table is not "simple" enough, the
 representation falls back to the minimal handling described
 earlier. Many (but, unfortunately, by no means all) tables that
 represent inherently tabular material will thus be shown with
 correct tabular formatting. Where table markup is used only for
 layout purposes (containing whole blocks of text and list
 within table cells) and not essential for understanding the
 textual contents, it remains basically ignored. Some more
 information on details is available in the file
 <kbd>README.TRST</kbd> of the source distribution.
 </div>

For tabular display of more complex tables, Lynx users can
 make use of external scripts or programs. The normal Lynx
 distribution currently does not provide such scripts, but they
 can be written locally or downloaded from several sources. It is
 suggested to use one of Lynx's facilities for invoking external
 programs (see <kbd>DOWNLOADER</kbd>, <kbd>PRINTER</kbd>,
 <kbd>EXTERNAL</kbd>, <kbd>TRUSTED_LYNXCGI</kbd> in <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a> and <a href=
 "lynx_url_support.html#cgi_url"><code>lynxcgi:</code></a> in
 Supported URLs for information on various ways for
 setting this up).

[<a href="#ToC-Tables">ToC</a>]

Lynx implements the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> TAB
 element only when LEFT alignment is in effect. If the alignment
 is CENTER or RIGHT (JUSTIFY is not yet implemented in Lynx, and
 is treated as a synonym for LEFT), or if the TAB element
 indicates a position to the left of the current position on the
 screen, it is treated as a collapsible space. For purposes of
 implementing TAB, Lynx treats en units as half a
 character cell width when specified by the INDENT attribute, and
 rounds up for odd values (e.g., a value of either 5 or 6 will be
 treated as three spaces, each the width of a character cell). See
 the example table using TAB elements in the test
 subdirectory of the Lynx distribution as a model for using this
 functionality.

Note that this Users Guide and the <a href=
 "lynx_url_support.html">Supported URLs</a> page include TAB
 markup in a manner which degrades gracefully for WWW
 browsers which do not support it. Toggle to display of <a href=
 "#LocalSource">source</a> and <a href="#Search">search</a> for
 &lt;tab to examine the use of TAB markup in these
 documents.

[<a href="#ToC-Tabs">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Frames"><a name="Frames" id="Frames">Lynx and HTML
 Frames</a></h2>

Some implementations of HTML include markup, primarily
 designed for graphic clients, that is intended to create an array
 of simultaneously displayed, independently scrolling windows.
 Such windows have been termed frames.

Lynx recognizes the Netscape and Microsoft Explorer FRAME,
 FRAMESET, and NOFRAMES elements, but is not capable of windowing
 to create the intended positioning of frames. Instead,
 Lynx creates labeled links to the frame sources,
 typically positioned in the upper left corner of the display, and
 renders the NOFRAMES section. If the document provider has
 disregard for text clients and sight-challenged Webizens, and
 thus does not include substantive content in the NOFRAMES section
 or a link in it to a document suitable for text clients, you can
 usually guess from the labeling of the frame links which
 one has the substantive material (if there is any), or you can
 try each of those links to see if anything worthwhile is
 returned.

[<a href="#ToC-Frames">ToC</a>]

Some sites -- in ignorance of Lynx capabilities -- may tell
 you (for example) "to view this page you need Netscape
 Navigator". You can simply ignore such warnings and access the
 frames via the Lynx-generated links as above.

<h2 id="id-Banners"><a name="Banners" id="Banners">Lynx and HTML
 Banners</a></h2>

Some implementations of HTML markup include provisions for
 creating a non-scrolling window to be positioned at the top of
 each page, containing links with brief, descriptive link names,
 analogous to a Windows toolbar. Such windows have been termed
 banners.

Lynx recognizes and processes all of the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> REL
 attribute tokens in LINK elements for creating a banner,
 and a number of others which have subsequently been proposed.
 These banner tokens are Home, ToC,
 Contents, Index, Glossary,
 Copyright, Up, Next,
 Previous, Prev, Help, Search,
 Top, Origin, Navigator,
 Child, Disclaimer, Sibling,
 Parent, Author, Editor,
 Publisher, Trademark, Meta,
 URC, Hotlist, Begin, First,
 End, Last, Pointer,
 Translation, Definition, Chapter,
 Section, Subsection, Alternate,
 Documentation, Biblioentry,
 Bibliography, Start, Appendix,
 Bookmark and Banner. Any LINK elements with
 those tokens as the REL attribute value, and an HREF attribute
 value in the LINK, will invoke creation of a banner at
 the top of the first page, with the element's HREF as the link,
 and the token as the default link name. If a TITLE attribute is
 included in the LINK, its value will be used as the link name
 instead of the default. Bookmark and Banner are
 intended to be accompanied by a TITLE attribute, which in effect
 makes the namespace for REL banner tokens infinite.

If the special token Help is used as the REL value
 and no HREF is included in the LINK, Lynx will use it own
 HELPFILE URL for that link. For the special token
 Home without an HREF, Lynx will use the default
 STARTFILE (i.e., derived from the configuration files or
 the WWW_HOME environment variable, not the command line
 startfile if one was used). However, if a
 -homepage=URL was specified on the command line, its URL
 will be used as the HREF. For the special token Index
 without an HREF, Lynx will use the DEFAULT_INDEX_FILE
 derived from the configuration files, or if an
 -index=URL was specified on the command line, its URL
 will be used as the HREF.

Lynx does not waste screen real estate maintaining the
 banner at the top of every page, but the Lynx TOOLBAR
 keystroke command (&ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo;) will, any time
 it is pressed, position you on the banner so that any of
 its links can be activated, and pressing the left-arrow
 when in the banner will return you to where you were in
 the current document. The toolbar is indicated by a
 &ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo; preceding its first link when
 present on the screen, that is, when the first page of the
 document is being displayed. The availability of a toolbar is
 indicated by a &ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo; at the top, left-hand
 corner of the screen when the second or subsequent pages of the
 document are being displayed.

Lynx also recognizes the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a>
 BANNER container element, and will create a banner based
 on its content if one has not already been created based on LINK
 elements. Lynx treats the Microsoft MARQUEE element as a synonym
 for BANNER (i.e., presenting its markup as a static
 banner, without any horizontal scrolling of its
 content). Lynx does not prefix the BANNER or MARQUEE content with
 a &ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo; because the content need not be
 only a series of links with brief, descriptive links names, but
 does add a &ldquo;<samp>#</samp>&rdquo; at the top, left-hand
 corner of the screen when the content is not being displayed, to
 indicate its accessibility via the TOOLBAR keystroke command.

[<a href="#ToC-Banners">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Footnotes"><a name="Footnotes" id="Footnotes">Lynx and
 HTML Footnotes</a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> FN
 element similarly to a named Anchor within the current
 document, and assumes that the footnotes will be positioned at
 the bottom of the document. However, in contrast to named
 Anchors, the FN container element is treated as a block
 (i.e., as if a new paragraph were indicated whether or not that
 is indicated in its content) with greater than normal left and
 right margins, and the block will begin with a FOOTNOTE:
 label. For example, if the document contains:

<pre>
 See the &lt;A HREF="#fn1"&gt;<a href=
"#an1">footnote</a>&lt;/A&gt;.
</pre>
 activating that link will take you to the labeled rendering
 of:

<pre>
 &lt;FN ID="fn1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;<a name="an1" id=
"an1">Lynx does not use popups for FN blocks.</a>&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/FN&gt;
</pre>
 i.e., position it at the top of the page. Then, upon reading
 the footnote, you can return to your previous position in the
 document by pressing the left-arrow key. The content of
 an FN element can be any HTML markup that is valid in the BODY of
 the document.

[<a href="#ToC-Footnotes">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Notes"><a name="Notes" id="Notes">Lynx and HTML
 Notes</a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> NOTE
 element (Admonishment) as a labeled block, i.e., as if a
 new paragraph were indicated whether or not paragraphing markup
 is included in its content, with greater than normal left and
 right margins, and with the type of note indicated by an
 emphasized label based on the value of its CLASS or ROLE
 attribute. If no CLASS or ROLE attribute is included, the default
 label NOTE: will be used. Lynx recognizes the values
 caution and warning, for which, respectively,
 the labels CAUTION: or WARNING: will be used.
 The NOTE element can have an ID attribute, which will be treated
 as a named Anchor, as for <a href="#Footnotes">HTML
 Footnotes</a>, but the NOTE block need not be placed at the
 bottom of the document. The content of a NOTE block can be any
 HTML markup that is valid in the BODY of the document. This is an
 example:

<pre>
 &lt;NOTE CLASS="warning" ID="too-bad"&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;The W3C vendors did not retain NOTE in the HTML 3.2 draft.&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/NOTE&gt;
</pre>
 It will degrade gracefully for WWW browsers which do
 not support NOTE, except for recognition of the ID attribute as a
 named Anchor.

[<a href="#ToC-Notes">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Lists"><a name="Lists" id="Lists">Lynx and HTML
 Lists</a></h2>

Lynx implements the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> list
 elements UL (Unordered List), OL (Ordered
 List), and DL (Definition List), and their
 associated attributes, and elements (LH, LI, DT, and DD) for the
 most part as described in that specification. The lists can be
 nested, yielding progressively greater indentation, up to six
 levels. The <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/html-spec_toc.html">HTML
 2.0</a> MENU and DIR elements both are treated as
 synonyms for UL with the PLAIN attribute (no bullets,
 see below). Note, thus, that neither DIR nor MENU yields a series
 of columns with 24-character spacing. A single nesting index is
 maintained, so that different types of List elements can be used
 for different levels within the nest. Also, the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> FIG,
 CAPTION and CREDIT elements are treated as valid within list
 blocks. They will be rendered with indentation appropriate for
 the current nesting depth, and the CAPTION or CREDIT elements
 will have a CAPTION: or CREDIT: label beginning
 the first line of their content. The content of any APPLET or
 OBJECT elements in the lists also will be indented appropriately
 for the current nesting depth, but those will not invoke line
 breaks unless indicated by their content, and it should not
 include markup which is inappropriate within the list.

Lynx also supports the TYPE attribute for OL elements, which
 can have values of 1 for Arabic numbers, I or
 i for uppercase or lowercase Roman numerals, or
 A or a for uppercase or lowercase letters, that
 increment for successive LI elements in the list block. The
 CONTINUE attribute can be used to continue the ordering from the
 preceding list block when the nesting depth is changed.

Lynx treats the OL attributes START and SEQNUM as synonyms for
 specifying the ordering value for the first LI element in the
 block. The values should be specified as Arabic numbers, but will
 be displayed as Arabic, Roman, or alphabetical depending on the
 TYPE for the block. The values can range from -29997 to
 the system's maximum positive integer for Arabic numbers. For
 Roman numerals, they can range from 1 (I or
 i) to 3000 (MMM or mmm.). For
 alphabetical orders, the values can range from 1
 (A or a) to 18278 (ZZZ or
 zzz). If the CONTINUE attribute is used, you do not need
 to specify a START or SEQNUM attribute to extend the ordering
 from a previous block, and you can include a TYPE attribute to
 change among Arabic, Roman, or alphabetical ordering styles, or
 their casing, without disrupting the sequence. If you do not
 include a START, SEQNUM or CONTINUE attribute, the first LI
 element of each OL block will default to 1, and if you
 do not include a TYPE attribute, Lynx defaults to Arabic
 numbers.

For UL blocks without the PLAIN attribute, Lynx uses
 *, +, o, #, @ and
 - as bullets to indicate, progressively, the
 depth within the six nesting levels.

Lynx treats UL, OL, DIR, and MENU blocks as having the COMPACT
 attribute by default, i.e., single spaces between LH and LI
 elements within those blocks. For DL blocks, double spacing will
 be used to separate the DT and DD elements unless the COMPACT
 attribute has been specified.

[<a href="#ToC-Lists">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Quotes"><a name="Quotes" id="Quotes">Lynx and HTML
 Quotes</a></h2>

The <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> and
 later specifications provide for two classes of quotation in HTML
 documents. Block quotes, designated by the BLOCKQUOTE element (or
 its abbreviated synonym BQ in HTML 3.0), have implied paragraph
 breaks preceding and following the start and end tags for the
 block. Character level quotes, designated by the Q element, in
 contrast are simply directives in the markup to insert an
 appropriate quotation mark.

Lynx renders block quotes with a greater than normal left and
 right indentation. Lynx does not support italics, and normally
 substitutes underlining, but does not underline block quotes so
 as not to obscure any explicit emphasis elements within the
 quotation. The BLOCKQUOTE or BQ block can include a CREDIT
 container element, whose content will be rendered as an implied
 new paragraph with a CREDIT: label at the beginning of
 its first line.

Lynx respects nested Q start and end tags, and will use ASCII
 double-quotes (<samp>"</samp>) versus grave accent
 (<samp>`</samp>) and apostrophe (<samp>'</samp>), respectively,
 for even versus odd depths in the nest.

Any ID attributes in BLOCKQUOTE, BQ or Q elements can be the
 target of a hyperlink in the form URL#id. It is treated just like
 the NAME in Anchors.

[<a href="#ToC-Quotes">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Eightbit"><a name="Eightbit" id="Eightbit">Lynx and
 HTML Internationalization: 8bit, UNICODE, etc.</a></h2>

Lynx has superior support for HTML 4.0/I18N
 internationalization issues. However, to see the characters other
 than 7bit properly you should set your <a href=
 "keystrokes/option_help.html#DC">display character set</a> from
 Option Menu and save its value, this is a Frequently Asked
 Question. Fine-turning is also available from <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>

[<a href="#ToC-Eightbit">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-USEMAP"><a name="USEMAP" id="USEMAP">Lynx and
 Client-Side-Image-Maps</a></h2>

HTML includes markup, designed primarily for graphic clients,
 that treats inlined images as maps, such that areas of the image
 within which a mouse cursor was positioned when the mouse was
 clicked can correspond to URLs which should be
 retrieved. The original implementations were based on the client
 sending an http server the x,y coordinates associated with the
 click, for handling by a script invoked by the server,
 and have been termed server-side-image-maps. Lynx has no
 rational way of coping with such a procedure, and thus simply
 sends a 0,0 coordinate pair, which some server scripts treat as
 an instruction to return a document suitable for a text
 client.

Newer HTML markup provides bases for the client to determine
 the URLs associated with areas in the image map, and/or for a
 text client to process alternative markup and allow the user to
 make choices based on textual information. These have been termed
 client-side-image-maps.

Lynx recognizes and processes the MAP container element and
 its AREA elements, and will create a menu of links for the HREF
 of each AREA when the link created for the IMG element with a
 USEMAP attribute is activated. The menu uses the ALT attributes
 of the AREA elements as the link names, or, if the document's
 author has disregard for text clients and sight-challenged
 Webizens, and thus did not include ALT attributes, Lynx uses the
 resolved URLs pointed to by the HREF attributes as the link
 names. Lynx uses the TITLE attribute of the IMG element, or the
 TITLE attribute of the MAP, if either was present in the markup,
 as the title and main header of the menu. Otherwise, it uses the
 ALT attribute of the IMG element. If neither TITLE nor ALT
 attributes were present in the markup, Lynx creates and uses a
 [USEMAP] pseudo-ALT. The MAPs need not be in the same
 document as the IMG elements. If not in the same document, Lynx
 will fetch the document which contains the referenced MAP, and
 locate it based on its NAME or ID attribute. All MAPs encountered
 in documents during a Lynx session are cached, so that they need
 not be retrieved repeatedly when referenced in different
 documents.

If the IMG element also indicates a
 server-side-image-map via an ISMAP attribute, Lynx
 normally will create a link for that as well, using an
 [ISMAP] pseudo-ALT (followed by a hyphen to indicate its
 association with the client-side-image-map) rather than
 ignoring it, and will submit a 0,0 coordinate pair if that link
 is activated. Although, the client-side-image-map may be
 more useful for a client such as Lynx, because all of the URLs
 associated with the image map can be accessed, and their nature
 indicated via ALT attributes, Lynx-friendly sites can map 0,0
 such that the server returns a for-text-client document
 homologous to the content of FIG elements (see below). Inclusion
 of such a link for submissions to the server can be disabled by
 default via the configuration file (<a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>), and the default can be toggled via the
 -ismap command line switch.

Lynx also recognizes the <a href=
 "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/Contents.html">HTML 3.0</a> FIG
 and OVERLAY elements, and will handle them as intended for text
 clients. These are the ideal way to handle
 client-side-image-maps, because the FIG content provides
 complete alternative markup, rather than relying on the client to
 construct a relatively meager list of links with link names based
 on ALT strings.

The presently experimental OBJECT element encompasses much of
 the functionality of the FIG element for
 client-side-image-maps. Lynx will render and display the
 content of OBJECT elements which have the SHAPES attribute
 equivalently to its handling of FIG. Lynx also handles OBJECT
 elements with the USEMAP and/or ISMAP attributes equivalently to
 its handling of IMG elements with client-side-image-maps
 and/or server-side-image-maps.

[<a href="#ToC-USEMAP">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Refresh"><a name="Refresh" id="Refresh">Lynx and
 Client-Side-Pull</a></h2>

HTML includes provision for passing instructions to clients
 via directives in META elements, and one such instruction, via
 the token Refresh, should invoke reloading of the
 document, fetched from a server with the same URL or a new URL,
 at a specified number of seconds following receipt of the current
 document. This procedure has been termed
 client-side-pull. An example of such an element is:

<pre>
 &lt;META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="3; URL=http://host/path"&gt;
</pre>
 which instructs a client to fetch the indicated URL in 3
 seconds after receiving the current document. If the
 URL= field is omitted, the URL defaults to that of the
 current document. A no-cache directive is implied when
 the Refresh if for the same URL.

Lynx recognizes and processes Refresh directives in
 META elements, but puts up a labeled link, typically in the upper
 left corner of the display, indicating the number of seconds
 intended before a refresh, and the URL for the refresh, instead
 of making the request automatically after the indicated number of
 seconds. This allows people using a braille interface any amount
 of time to examine the current document before activating the
 link for the next URL. In general, if the number of seconds
 indicated is short, the timing is not critical and you can
 activate the link whenever you like. If it is long (e.g., 60
 seconds), a server process may be generating new documents or
 images at that interval, and you would be wasting bandwidth by
 activating the link at a shorter interval.

[<a href="#ToC-Refresh">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Cookies"><a name="Cookies" id="Cookies">Lynx State
 Management</a> (Me want cookie!)</h2>

HTTP provides a means to carry state information across
 successive connections between a browser and an http server.
 Normally, http servers respond to each browser request without
 relating that request to previous or subsequent requests. Though
 the inclusion of INPUT fields with TYPE="hidden" can be used as a
 sort of state management by <a href="#Forms">HTML Forms</a>, a
 more general approach involves exchanges of MIME headers between
 the server and browser. When replying to a request, the server
 can send a Set-Cookie MIME header which contains
 information (cookies) relevant to the browser's request,
 and in subsequent requests the browser can send a Cookie
 MIME header with information derived from previously received
 cookies.

State Management via cookie exchanges originally was
 implemented by Netscape, and such cookies are now designated as
 Version 0. A more elaborate format for cookies,
 designated as Version 1, was standardized by the IETF
 (Internet Engineering Task Force) as <a href=
 "https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2109.txt">RFC&nbsp;2109</a>. Lynx
 supports both Version 0 and Version 1 cookie
 exchanges. This support can be disabled by default via the
 SET_COOKIES symbol in the compilation (userdefs.h)
 and/or run time (<a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>) configuration
 files, and that default setting can be toggled via the
 -cookies command line switch. The SET_COOKIES symbol can
 be further modified by the ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES mode. If
 ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES is set TRUE, and SET_COOKIES is TRUE, Lynx
 will accept all cookies. Additionally, the cookies that are
 automatically accepted or rejected by Lynx can be further
 modified with the COOKIE_ACCEPT_DOMAINS and COOKIE_REJECT_DOMAINS
 options in your .lynxrc file, each of which is a comma-separated
 list of domains to perform the desired action. The domain listed
 in these options must be identical to the domain the cookie comes
 from, there is no wildcard matching. If a domain is specific in
 both COOKIE_ACCEPT_DOMAINS and COOKIE_REJECT_DOMAINS, rejection
 will take precedence.

When cookie support is enabled, Set-Cookie MIME
 headers received from an http server invoke confirmation prompts
 with possible replies of &ldquo;<samp>Y</samp>&rdquo;es or
 &ldquo;<samp>N</samp>&rdquo;o for acceptance of the cookie,
 &ldquo;<samp>A</samp>&rdquo;lways to accept the cookie and to
 allow all subsequent cookies from that domain (server's
 Fully Qualified Domain Name, or site-identifying portion of the
 FQDN) without further confirmation prompts, or
 ne&ldquo;V&rdquo;er to never allow cookies from
 that domain to be accepted (silently ignore its
 Set-Cookie MIME headers). All unexpired cookies are held
 in a hypothetical Cookie Jar which can be examined via
 the COOKIE_JAR keystroke command, normally mapped to
 Ctrl-K, for invoking the <a href=
 "keystrokes/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a>. If Lynx has
 been compiled with the --enable-persistent-cookies flag, then
 unexpired cookies will be stored between sessions in the filename
 set with the COOKIE_FILE option in your .lynxrc.

A common use of cookies by http servers is simply to track the
 documents visited by individual users. Though this can be useful
 to the site's WebMaster for evaluating and improving the
 organization of links in the various documents of the site, if
 the user has configured Lynx to include a From MIME
 header with the user's email address in http requests, or has
 passed personal information to the server via a form submission,
 the tracking might be used to draw inferences, possibly
 incorrect, about that user, and may be considered by some as an
 invasion of privacy.

An example of worthwhile State Management via cookies is the
 setting of personal preferences, typically via a form submission
 to the site, which will then apply to all documents visited at
 that site.

If you accept cookies when accessing a site, but are given no
 indication about how they will be used in subsequent requests to
 that site, nor can infer how they will be used, you can
 Gobble (delete) the cookies and/or change the
 &ldquo;allow&rdquo; setting for its domain via the
 <a href="keystrokes/cookie_help.html">Cookie Jar Page</a>.

[<a href="#ToC-Cookies">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Cache"><a name="Cache" id="Cache">Cached Documents</a></h2>

A list of documents which are in lynx's internal cache is
 accessible through hypothetical Cache Jar which can be
 examined via the CACHE_JAR keystroke command, normally mapped to
 Ctrl-X.

Entries in the Cache Jar are ordered from oldest (at
 the top) to newest. The user can easily access any document which
 is in the cache, especially those which may be soon removed due
 to configurable limits on the maximum number of cached documents,
 as well as the maximum amount of memory used by the cache.

The structure of Cache Jar is simple:

<ul>
 <li>Each entry starts with its ordinal number (within the
 session), recently added documents in cache have a smaller
 number than documents which are added before, and are
 positioned at the end of Cache Jar</li>

<li>Following its ordinal number is the document title, which
 is also a link. On activating this link, the user is prompted
 if they want to delete the document from Cache Jar.
 The document's address (also a link) follows the title. It is
 distinguished by a <code>URL:</code> label preceding the link.
 Activating this link, lynx displays the corresponding cached
 document.</li>

<li>Below each cached document URL lynx shows the document
 properties which include:
 <ul>
 <li>Lines,</li>

<li>File-Cache,</li>

<li>Content-Type,</li>

<li>Content-Language,</li>

<li>Content-Encoding,</li>

<li>Content-Location,</li>

<li>Subject,</li>

<li>Owner,</li>

<li>Expires,</li>

<li>Last-Modified,</li>

<li>Server, and</li>

<li>Source-Cache-File.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>

This feature can be enabled by default using the USE_CACHEJAR
 symbol in the compilation (<code>userdefs.h</code>), as well as
 enabled in lynx.cfg

[<a href="#ToC-Cache">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Sessions"><a name="Sessions" id=
 "Sessions">Sessions</a></h2>

Lynx's current state (all information about the user's current
 activity with lynx) is called a session. Sessions are useful in
 particular if you are in the middle of exploring something on the
 web and you were forced to stop abruptly, losing any trace of
 your current work.

A session can be automatically restored as lynx starts after a
 clean exit. The session data is saved if lynx is invoked with the
 -session=FILENAME switch. The FILENAME is the
 name of the file where the session will be stored.

There are also switches for only restoring:
 -sessionin=FILENAME and for only saving:
 -sessionout=FILENAME sessions:

If you do not want to specify these options at each lynx
 startup, there is an option in lynx.cfg to enable
 automatic saving/restoring of session. To keep lynx startup/exit
 reasonable fast there is also an option in lynx.cfg
 specifying how much information about the current lynx session
 will be stored in file.

The syntax of the session file is simple. You can use a text
 editor to modify, add new entries, or remove URLs you no longer
 want.

[<a href="#ToC-Sessions">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Invoking"><a name="Invoking" id="Invoking">The Lynx
 command line</a></h2>

A summary of the Lynx command line options (switches) is
 returned to stdout if Lynx is invoked with the -help
 switch. A description of the options also should be available via
 the system man (Unix) pages or help (VMS) libraries. On Win32,
 typing lynx -help in a DOS window should display similarly. The
 basic syntax of the Lynx command line can be represented as one
 of the following:

<dl>
 <dt><code>Command</code>
 </dt>

<dd><code>lynx [options]</code>
 </dd>

<dd><code>lynx [options] startfile</code>
 </dd>
 </dl>

where

<dl>
 <dt><code>startfile</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 is the file or URL that Lynx will load at start-up.

<ul>
 <li>If startfile is not specified, Lynx will use a default
 starting file and base directory determined during
 installation.</li>

<li>If a specified file is local (i.e., not a URL) Lynx
 displays that file and uses the directory in which that
 file resides as the base directory.</li>

<li>If a URL is specified, the file will be retrieved, and
 only the server base directory will be relevant to further
 accesses.</li>

<li>If more than one local file or remote URL is listed on
 the command line, Lynx will open only the last
 interactively. All of the names (local files and remote
 URLs) are added to the G)oto history.</li>
 </ul>
 </dd>

<dt><code>options</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Lynx uses only long option names. Option names can begin
 with double dash as well, underscores and dashes can be
 intermixed in option names (in the reference below options
 are with one dash before them and with underscores).

Lynx provides many command-line options. Some options
 require a value (string, number or keyword). These are noted
 in the reference below. The other options set boolean values
 in the program. There are three types of boolean options:
 set, unset and toggle. If no option value is given, these
 have the obvious meaning: set (to true), unset (to false), or
 toggle (between true/false). For any of these, an explicit
 value can be given in different forms to allow for operating
 system constraints, e.g.,

<blockquote>
 <pre>
-center:off
-center=off
-center-
</pre>
 </blockquote>

Lynx recognizes "1", "+", "on" and "true" for true values,
 and "0", "-", "off" and "false" for false values. Other
 option-values are ignored.

The default boolean, number and string option values that
 are compiled into lynx are displayed in the help-message
 provided by lynx -help. Some of those may differ according to
 how lynx was built; see the help message itself for these
 values. The -help option is processed before any option,
 including those that control reading from the lynx.cfg file.
 Therefore runtime configuration values are not reflected in
 the help-message.

Capitalized items in the option summary indicate that a
 substitution must be made. These are the options:

<dd>
 If the argument is only
 &ldquo;<code>-</code>&rdquo; (dash),
 then Lynx expects to receive the arguments from stdin.
 This is to allow for the potentially very long command
 line that can be associated with the -get_data
 or -post_data arguments (see below). It can also
 be used to avoid having sensitive information in the
 invoking command line (which would be visible to other
 processes on most systems), especially when the
 -auth or -pauth options are used. On
 VMS, the dash must be encased in double-quotes ("-") and
 the keyboard input terminated with Control-Z or
 the command file input terminated by a line that begins
 with &ldquo;<samp>$</samp>&rdquo;. On Unix, the keyboard
 input terminator is Control-D. On Win32,
 [???].
 </dd>

<dt><code>-accept_all_cookies</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 accept all cookies.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-anonymous</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 apply restrictions appropriate for an anonymous
 account, see -restrictions below for some
 details.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-assume_charset=MIMENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 charset for documents that do not specify it.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-assume_local_charset=MIMENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 charset assumed for local files, i.e., files which
 lynx creates such as internal pages for the options
 menu.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-assume_unrec_charset=MIMENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 use this instead of unrecognized charsets.
 </dd>

<dd>
 set authorization identifier and
 password for protected documents at startup. Be
 sure to protect any script files which use this
 switch.
 </dd>

<dd>
 prepend a request URL comment and BASE tag to
 text/html outputs for -source dumps.
 </dd>

<dd>
 specify a local bibp server (default
 http://bibhost/).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-blink</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 forces high intensity background colors for color
 mode, if available and supported by the terminal. This
 applies to the slang library (for a few terminal
 emulators), or to OS/2 EMX with ncurses.
 </dd>

<dd>
 use the bookmark page as the startfile. The default or
 command line startfile is still set for the Main screen
 command, and will be used if the bookmark page is
 unavailable or blank.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-buried_news</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles scanning of news articles for buried
 references, and converts them to news links. Not
 recommended because email addresses enclosed in angle
 brackets will be converted to false news links, and
 uuencoded messages can be trashed.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-cache=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set the NUMBER of documents cached in memory.
 The default is 10.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-center</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Toggle center alignment in HTML TABLE.
 </dd>

<dd>
 enable case-sensitive string searching.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-cfg=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 specifies a Lynx configuration file other than the
 default <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-child</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 exit on left-arrow in startfile, and disable save to
 disk.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-child_relaxed</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 exit on left-arrow in startfile, but allow save to
 disk and associated print/mail options.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-cmd_log=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 write keystroke commands and related information to
 the specified file.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-cmd_script=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 read keystroke commands from the specified file. You
 can use the data written using the -cmd_log
 option. Lynx will ignore other information which the
 command-logging may have written to the log- file. Each
 line of the command script contains either a comment
 beginning with "#", or a keyword:

<dd>
 causes the script to stop, and forces lynx to exit
 immediately.
 </dd>

<dd>
 the character value, in printable form. Cursor and
 other special keys are given as names, e.g.,
 <code>Down Arrow</code>. Printable
 7-bit ASCII codes are given as-is, and hexadecimal
 values represent other 8-bit codes.
 </dd>

<dd>
 followed by a "name=value" allows one to override
 values set in the lynx.cfg file.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><code>-color</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 forces color mode on. This feature is only available
 if Lynx is built using the slang library. The slang
 library will send ANSI color sequences without regard to
 the type of terminal which is being used.

If color support is instead provided by a
 color-capable curses library such as ncurses, Lynx relies
 completely on the terminal description to determine
 whether color mode is possible, and this flag is not
 needed and thus unavailable.

A saved <samp>show_color=always</samp> setting found
 in a .lynxrc file at startup has the same effect, but the
 setting read from .lynxrc on startup is overridden by
 this flag.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-connect_timeout=N</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 Sets the connection timeout, where N is given
 in seconds.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-cookie_file=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 specifies a file to use to read cookies. If none is
 specified, the default value is ~/.lynx_cookies for most
 systems, but ~/cookies for MS-DOS.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-cookie_save_file=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 specifies a file to use to store cookies. If none is
 specified, the value given by
 <code>-cookie_file</code> is used.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-cookies</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles handling of Set-Cookie headers.
 </dd>

<dd>
 toggles forced core dumps on fatal errors. (Unix
 only)
 </dd>

<dt><code>-crawl</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 with -traversal, output each page to a
 file.

with -dump, format output as with
 -traversal, but to stdout.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-curses_pads</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles the use of curses "pad" feature which supports
 left/right scrolling of the display.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-debug_partial</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 separate incremental display stages with MessageSecs
 delay
 </dd>

<dt><code>-display=DISPLAY</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set the display variable for X rexe-ced programs.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-display_charset=MIMEname</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set the charset for the terminal output.
 </dd>

<dd>
 inhibit wrapping of text in &lt;pre&gt; when -dump'ing
 and -crawl'ing, mark wrapped lines in interactive
 session.
 </dd>

<dd>
 dumps the formatted output of the default document or
 one specified on the command line to standard out. This
 can be used in the following way:

<dt><code>-editor=EDITOR</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable external editing using the specified
 EDITOR. (vi, ed, emacs, etc.)
 </dd>

<dt><code>-emacskeys</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable emacs-like key movement.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-enable_scrollback</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles behavior compatible with the scrollback keys
 in some communications software (may be incompatible with
 some curses packages).
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-error_file=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 the status code from the HTTP request is placed in
 this file.
 </dd>

<dd>
 enable local program execution (normally not
 configured).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-fileversions</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 include all versions of files in local VMS directory
 listings.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-find_leaks</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles the memory leak checking off. Normally this is
 not compiled-into your executable, but when it is, it can
 be disabled for a session.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-force_empty_hrefless_a</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 force HREF-less &ldquo;A&rdquo; elements to be empty
 (close them as soon as they are seen).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-force_html</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 forces the first document to be interpreted as
 HTML.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-force_secure</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles forcing of the secure flag for SSL
 cookies.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-forms_options</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles whether the Options Menu is key-based or
 form-based.
 </dd>

<dd>
 toggles transmissions of From headers to HTTP or HTTPS
 servers.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disable ftp access.
 </dd>

<dd>
 properly formatted data for a get form are read in
 from stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by
 a line that starts with &ldquo;---&rdquo;.
 </dd>

<dd>
 send a HEAD request for the mime headers.
 </dd>

<dd>
 print this Lynx command syntax usage message.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-hiddenlinks=option</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 control the display of hidden links. Option values
 are:

<dl>
 <dt><code>merge</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 hidden links show up as bracketed numbers and are
 numbered together with other links in the sequence of
 their occurrence in the document.
 </dd>

<dt><code>listonly</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 hidden links are shown only on List
 screens and listings generated by
 <code>-dump</code> or from the
 Print menu, but appear separately at the end
 of those lists. This is the default behavior.
 </dd>

<dt><code>ignore</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 hidden links do not appear even in listings.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><code>-historical</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles use of &ldquo;&gt;&rdquo; or
 &ldquo;--&gt;&rdquo; as a terminator for comments.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-homepage=URL</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set homepage separate from start page. Will be used if
 a fetch of the start page fails or if it is a script
 which does not return a document, and as the
 <code>URL</code> for the
 &ldquo;<samp>m</samp>&rdquo;ain menu command.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-image_links</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles inclusion of links for all images.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-ismap</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles inclusion of ISMAP links when client-side MAPs
 are present.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-index=URL</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set the default index file to the specified
 URL
 </dd>

<dt><code>-justify</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 do justification of text.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-link=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 starting count for lnk#.dat files produced by
 -crawl.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-localhost</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable URLs that point to remote hosts.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-locexec</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable local program execution from local files only
 (if lynx was compiled with local execution enabled).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-lss=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 specify filename containing color-style information.
 The default is lynx.lss.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-mime_header</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 include mime headers and force source dump.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-minimal</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles minimal versus valid comment parsing. When
 minimal, any &ldquo;--&gt;&rdquo; serves as a terminator
 for a comment element. When valid, pairs of
 &ldquo;--&rdquo; are treated as delimiters for series of
 comments within the overall comment element. If
 historical is set, that overrides minimal or valid
 comment parsing.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nested_tables</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles nested-tables logic (for debugging).
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-newschunksize=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 number of articles in chunked news listings.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-newsmaxchunk=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 maximum news articles in listings before chunking.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nobold</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable bold video-attribute.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nobrowse</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable directory browsing.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disable Cc: prompts for self copies of mailings. Note
 that this does not disable any CCs which are incorporated
 within a mailto URL or form ACTION.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nocolor</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 force color mode off, overriding terminal capabilities
 and any -color flags, COLORTERM
 variable, and saved .lynxrc settings.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-noexec</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable local program execution. (DEFAULT)
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nofilereferer</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable transmissions of Referer headers for file
 URLs.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nolist</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable the link list feature in dumps.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nolog</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable mailing of error messages to document
 owners.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nomargins</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable left/right margins in the default style
 sheet.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nomore</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable -more- string in statusline messages.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nonrestarting_sigwinch</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 make window size change handler non-restarting. This
 flag is not available on all systems, Lynx needs to be
 compiled with HAVE_SIGACTION defined. If available, this
 flag may cause Lynx to react more immediately to
 window changes when run within an xterm.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nopause</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable forced pauses for statusline messages.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-noprint</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable most print functions.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-noredir</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 do not follow URL redirections
 </dd>

<dt><code>-noreferer</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable transmissions of Referer headers.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-noreverse</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable reverse video-attribute.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nosocks</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable SOCKS proxy usage by a SOCKSified Lynx.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nostatus</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable the retrieval status messages.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-notitle</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable title and blank line from top of page.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-nounderline</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable underline video-attribute.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-number_fields</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 force numbering of links as well as form input
 fields.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-number_links</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 force numbering of links.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-partial</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles displaying of partial pages while loading.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-partial_thres=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 number of lines to render before repainting display
 with partial-display logic.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-pauth=ID:PW</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set authorization identifier and
 password for a protected proxy server at
 startup. Be sure to protect any script files which use
 this switch.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-popup</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles handling of single-choice SELECT options via
 popup windows or as lists of radio buttons. The default
 configuration can be changed in userdefs.h or <a href=
 "#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>. It also can be set and saved
 via the &ldquo;o&rdquo;ptions menu. The command line
 switch toggles the default.
 </dd>

<dd>
 properly formatted data for a post form are read in
 from stdin and passed to the form. Input is terminated by
 a line that starts with &ldquo;---&rdquo;.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-preparsed</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 show source preparsed and reformatted when used with
 -source or in source view (&ldquo;<samp>\</samp>&rdquo;).
 May be useful for debugging of broken HTML markup to
 visualize the difference between SortaSGML and TagSoup
 <a href="keystrokes/option_help.html#tagsoup">recovery
 modes</a>, switched by &ldquo;<samp>^V</samp>&rdquo;.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-prettysrc</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 do syntax highlighting and hyperlink handling in
 source view.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-print</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable print functions. (default)
 </dd>

<dt><code>-pseudo_inlines</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles pseudo-ALTs for inline images with no ALT
 string.
 </dd>

<dd>
 toggles default setting of 8-bit character
 translations or CJK mode for the startup character
 set.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-realm</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 restricts access to URLs in the starting realm.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-reload</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 flushes the cache on a proxy server (only the first
 document affected).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-restrictions</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 allows a list of services to be disabled selectively
 and takes the following form:
 </dd>

<dd>
 lynx
 -restrictions=[option][,option][,option]...
 
 </dd>

<dd>
 The list of recognized options is printed if none are
 specified.

<dd>
 if used alone, lists restrictions in effect.
 </dd>

<dd>
 restricts all options listed below.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>bookmark</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow changing the location of the bookmark
 file.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>bookmark_exec</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow execution links via the bookmark
 file.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>change_exec_perms</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow changing the eXecute permission on files
 (but still allow it for directories) when local file
 management is enabled.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>chdir</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow command which changes Lynx's working
 directory.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>default</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 same as command line option -anonymous.
 Set default restrictions for anonymous users. All
 specific services listed are always restricted,
 except for: inside_telnet, outside_telnet,
 inside_ftp, outside_ftp, inside_rlogin,
 outside_rlogin, inside_news, outside_news,
 telnet_port, jump, mail, print, exec, and goto. The
 settings for these, as well as additional goto
 restrictions for specific URL schemes that are also
 applied, are derived from definitions within
 userdefs.h.

Note that this is the only option value that may
 have the effect of removing some
 restrictions, if they have been set by other options,
 namely for those services that are allowed
 by default according to userdefs.h. However, if the
 separate command line option form
 (-anonymous) is used, Lynx takes care to set
 the default restrictions before handling additional
 -restrictions= options (even if they precede
 the anonymous option), so that this cannot
 happen.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>dired_support</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow local file management.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disallow saving to disk in the download and print
 menus.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>dotfiles</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow access to, or creation of, hidden (dot)
 files.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>download</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow some downloaders in the download menu.
 This does not imply the disk_save
 restriction. It also does not disable the DOWNLOAD
 command, and does not prevent "Download or Cancel"
 offers when a MIME type cannot otherwise be handled.
 Those are only disabled if additionally the disk_save
 restriction is in effect and no download
 methods are defined in a <a href="#lynx.cfg">Lynx
 configuration file</a> that are marked as "always
 ENABLED" (or, alternatively, if the -validate switch
 is used).
 </dd>

<dt><samp>editor</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow external editing.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disable execution scripts.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>exec_frozen</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow the user from changing the local
 execution option.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>externals</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow some "EXTERNAL" configuration lines, if
 support for passing URLs to external applications
 (with the EXTERN_LINK or EXTERN_PAGE command) is
 compiled in.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disallow using G)oto, served links or bookmarks
 for file: URLs.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disable the &ldquo;<samp>g</samp>&rdquo; (goto)
 command.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>inside_ftp</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow ftps for people coming from inside your
 domain.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>inside_news</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow USENET news reading and posting for
 people coming from inside you domain. This applies to
 "news", "nntp", "newspost", and "newsreply" URLs, but
 not to "snews", "snewspost", or "snewsreply" in case
 they are supported.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>inside_rlogin</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow rlogins for people coming from inside
 your domain.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>inside_telnet</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow telnets for people coming from inside
 your domain.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disable the &ldquo;<samp>j</samp>&rdquo; (jump)
 command.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>lynxcgi</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow execution of Lynx CGI URLs.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disallow mailing feature.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>multibook</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow multiple bookmarks.
 </dd>

<dd>
 disallow USENET News posting,
 </dd>

<dt><samp>options_save</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow saving options in .lynxrc.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>outside_ftp</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow ftps for people coming from outside your
 domain.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>outside_news</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow USENET news reading and posting for
 people coming from outside you domain. This applies
 to "news", "nntp", "newspost", and "newsreply" URLs,
 but not to "snews", "snewspost", or "snewsreply" in
 case they are supported.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>outside_rlogin</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow rlogins for people coming from outside
 your domain.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>outside_telnet</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow telnets for people coming from outside
 your domain.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>print</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow most print options.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>shell</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow shell escapes.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>suspend</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow Control-Z suspends with escape
 to shell on Unix.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>telnet_port</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow specifying a port in telnet G)oto's.
 </dd>

<dt><samp>useragent</samp>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disallow modifications of the User-Agent
 header.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><code>-resubmit_posts</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles forced resubmissions (no-cache) of forms with
 method POST when the documents they returned are sought
 with the PREV_DOC (left-arrow) command or from
 the History Page.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-rlogin</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable recognition of rlogin commands.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-scrollbar</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles showing scrollbar.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-scrollbar_arrow</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles showing arrows at ends of the scrollbar.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-selective</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 require .www_browsable files to browse
 directories.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-session=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 resumes from specified file on startup and saves
 session to that file on exit.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-sessionin=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 resumes session from specified file.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-sessionout=FILENAME</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 saves session to specified file.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-short_url</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 show very long URLs in the status line with "..." to
 represent the portion which cannot be displayed. The
 beginning and end of the URL are displayed, rather than
 suppressing the end.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-show_cursor</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 If enabled the cursor will not be hidden in the right
 hand corner but will instead be positioned at the start
 of the currently selected link. Show cursor is the
 default for systems without FANCY_CURSES capabilities.
 The default configuration can be changed in userdefs.h or
 <a href="#lynx.cfg">lynx.cfg</a>. It also can be set and
 saved via the &ldquo;o&rdquo;ptions menu. The command
 line switch toggles the default.
 </dd>

<dd>
 If enabled the transfer rate is shown in bytes/second.
 If disabled, no transfer rate is shown. Use lynx.cfg or
 the options menu to select KiB/second and/or ETA.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-soft_dquotes</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles emulation of the old Netscape and Mosaic bug
 which treated &ldquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rdquo; as a
 co-terminator for double-quotes and tags.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-source</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 works the same as dump but outputs HTML source instead
 of formatted text. For example

<blockquote>
 <pre>
lynx -source . &gt;foo.html
</pre>
 </blockquote>

generates HTML source listing the files in the current
 directory. Each file is marked by an HREF relative to the
 parent directory. Add a trailing slash to make the HREF's
 relative to the current directory:

<blockquote>
 <pre>
lynx -source ./ &gt;foo.html
</pre>
 </blockquote>
 </dd>

<dt><code>-stack_dump</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable SIGINT cleanup handler.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-startfile_ok</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 allow non-http startfile and homepage with
 -validate.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-stderr</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 When dumping a document using
 <code>-dump</code> or
 <code>-source</code>, Lynx normally does
 not display alert (error) messages that you see on the
 screen in the status line. Use the
 <code>-stderr</code> option to tell Lynx
 to write these messages to the standard error.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-stdin</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 read the startfile from standard input (UNIX
 only).
 </dd>

<dt><code>-syslog=text</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 information for syslog call.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-syslog-urls</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 log requested URLs with syslog.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-tagsoup</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 initialize DTD with "TagSoup" tables, <a href=
 "keystrokes/option_help.html#tagsoup">more
 details</a>.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-telnet</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 disable recognition of telnet commands.
 </dd>

<dd>
 tell Lynx what terminal type to assume it is talking
 to. (This may be useful for remote execution, when, for
 example, Lynx connects to a remote TCP/IP port that
 starts a script that, in turn, starts another Lynx
 process.)
 </dd>

<dt><code>-timeout=N</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 For win32, sets the network read-timeout, where
 N is given in seconds.
 </dd>

<dd>
 toggles use of a Lynx Trace Log for the
 session. The log is named Lynx.trace and is
 created in the home directory when Lynx trace mode is
 turned on via the -trace command line switch
 (see below), or via the TRACE_TOGGLE (Control-T)
 keystroke command. Once a log is started for the session,
 all trace and other stderr messages are written to the
 log. The contents of the log can be examined during the
 session via the TRACE_LOG (normally,
 &ldquo;<samp>;</samp>&rdquo;) keystroke command. If use
 of a Lynx Trace Log is turned off, any trace output will
 go to the standard error stream.
 </dd>

<dd>
 turns on <a href="#tna">"Textfields Need
 Activation"</a> mode.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-trace</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 turns on Lynx trace mode. If a Lynx Trace Log
 (Lynx.trace in the home directory) has been
 started for the current session, all trace messages are
 written to that log, and can be examined during the
 session via the TRACE_LOG (normally,
 &ldquo;<samp>;</samp>&rdquo;) command. If no Trace Log
 file is in use, trace messages go to stderr.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-trace_mask=value</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 turn on optional traces, which may result in very
 large trace files. Logically OR the values to combine
 options:

<dd>
 SGML character parsing states
 </dd>

<dd>
 color-style
 </dd>

<dd>
 TRST (table layout)
 </dd>

<dd>
 config (lynx.cfg and .lynxrc contents)
 </dd>

<dd>
 binary string copy/append, used in form data
 construction.
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>

<dt><code>-traversal</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 traverse all http links derived from startfile. When
 used with -crawl, each link that begins with the
 same string as startfile is output to a file, intended
 for indexing. See CRAWL.announce for more
 information.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-trim_input_fields</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 trim input text/textarea fields in forms.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-underscore</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles use of _underline_ format in dumps.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-update_term_title</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enables updating the title in terminal emulators. Use
 only if your terminal emulator supports that escape code.
 Has no effect when used with -notitle.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-use_mouse</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 turn on mouse support, if available.
 </dd>

<dt>
 <code>-useragent=STRING</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 set different Lynx User-Agent header. Lynx produces a
 warning on startup if the STRING does not
 contain "Lynx" or "L_y_n_x", see the <a href=
 "#noteUA">note</a> in the Options Menu section for
 rationale.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-validate</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 accept only http URLs (meant for validation).
 </dd>

<dd>
 This flag implies security restrictions generally more
 severe than -anonymous: restriction options as
 for -restrictions=all, with the notable
 exception that goto remains enabled for http and https
 URLs; in addition, the PRINT and DOWNLOAD commands are
 completely disabled, and use of a Trace Log file is
 forced off.
 </dd>

<dd>
 Any relaxing of restriction that might be implied by
 an also present (or implied) -anonymous flag is
 overridden, the only way to possibly relax some
 of the restrictions to the level applicable for
 "anonymous" accounts is with an explicit
 -restrictions=default.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-verbose</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 toggles [LINK], [IMAGE] and [INLINE] comments with
 filenames of these images.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-version</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 print version information.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-vikeys</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable vi-like key movement.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-wdebug</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 enable Waterloo tcp/ip packet debug (print to watt
 debugfile). This applies only to DOS versions compiled
 with WATTCP or WATT-32.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-width=NUMBER</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 number of columns for formatting of dumps, default is
 80.
 </dd>

<dt><code>-with_backspaces</code>
 </dt>

<dd>
 emit backspaces in output if -dumping or -crawling
 (like <code>man</code> does).
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 </dl>

No options are required, nor is a startfile argument required.
 White space can be used in place of equal sign separators
 (&ldquo;<samp>=</samp>&rdquo;) appearing in the option list
 above. It can not be used in place of the equal signs in forms
 like "-option=on" and "-option=off" for simple switches and
 toggles, for which "-option" alone (without a value) is
 valid.

[<a href="#ToC-Invoking">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="Environments"><a name="Environment" id=
 "Environment">Environment variables used by Lynx</a></h2>

Lynx uses certain environment variables and sets a few of
 them. Please visit a <a href=
 "keystrokes/environments.html">separate page</a> for this rather
 technical information.

[<a href="#ToC-Environment">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-lynx.cfg"><a name="lynx.cfg" id="lynx.cfg">Main
 configuration file lynx.cfg</a></h2>

Lynx has several levels of customization: from the Options
 Menu (accessible on-line, and possibly stored in your local
 .lynxrc file), via command-line switches on startup (mainly for
 batch processing). The most important and numerous default
 settings are stored in the Lynx configuration file
 lynx.cfg.

If you are on a UNIX system you should have appropriate
 permissions to make changes there or ask your system
 administrator to modify lynx.cfg for your needs. This file
 provides default settings for all accounts on your system. It may
 be copied to your shell account and included with -cfg command
 line switch or via an environment variable LYNX_CFG (if you have
 shell access). Starting with version 2.8.1 Lynx has an include
 facility so you can load the system-wide configuration file and
 easily add one or more settings from your local add-on
 configuration file. It is really cool to read lynx.cfg with its
 comments for hundreds of options, most of them commented out
 because they are built-in defaults. You may visit an index of
 options: <a href=
 "https://lynx.invisible-island.net/release/lynx_help/cattoc.html">
 by category</a> or <a href=
 "https://lynx.invisible-island.net/release/lynx_help/alphatoc.html">
 by alphabet</a>.

To view your current configuration derived from lynx.cfg and
 any included configuration files, press &ldquo;g&rdquo;
 and type in &ldquo;<samp>lynxcfg:</samp>&rdquo;. If you are using
 the forms-based Options Menu, you may press
 &ldquo;o&rdquo; for the Options Menu and follow the
 Check your lynx.cfg's link near the bottom.

However, for those who have a restricted account many Lynx
 features may be disabled by the system administrator, you
 probably will not see your lynx.cfg.

[<a href="#ToC-lynx.cfg">ToC</a>]

<h2 id="id-Hist"><a name="Hist" id="Hist">Lynx development
 history</a></h2>

Lynx grew out of efforts to build a campus-wide information
 system at The University of Kansas. The earliest versions of Lynx
 provided a user-friendly, distributed hypertext interface for
 users connected to multiuser (Unix and VMS) systems via
 curses-oriented display devices. A custom hypertext format was
 developed to support hypertext links to local files and files on
 remote Gopher servers. Using Gopher servers for distributed file
 service allowed information providers to publish information from
 a wide variety of platforms (including Unix, VMS, VM/CMS and
 Macintosh). In addition, Lynx became the most user-friendly
 Gopher client, although that was only an ancillary
 capability.

This distributed approach let providers retain complete
 control over their information, but it made communication between
 users and providers somewhat more difficult. Following the lead
 of Neal Erdwien, of Kansas State University, the Lynx hypertext
 format was extended to include links for including ownership
 information with each file. This information made it possible for
 users running Lynx clients to send comments and suggestions via
 e-mail to the providers.

This early version of Lynx was also augmented to support
 hypertext links to programs running on remote systems. It
 included the ability to open a Telnet connection, as well as the
 ability to start programs via rexec, inetd, or by direct socket
 connects. These capabilities were included to allow users to
 access databases or custom program interfaces.

A subsequent version of Lynx incorporated the World Wide Web
 libraries to allow access to the full list of WWW servers, along
 with the option to build hypertext documents in HTML, rather than
 the native Lynx format. HTML has become far more widely used, and
 the native format has been phased out. With the addition of the
 WWW libraries, Lynx became a fully-featured WWW client, limited
 only by the display capabilities offered in the curses
 environment.

Lynx was designed by Lou Montulli, Charles Rezac and Michael
 Grobe of Academic Computing Services at The University of Kansas.
 Lynx was implemented by Lou Montulli and maintained by Garrett
 Arch Blythe and Craig Lavender.

Members of the <a href="lynx-dev.html">lynx-dev</a> list have
 developed and supported Lynx since release of v2.3 in May
 1994. 
 The Lynx2-3FM code set was released as v2.4 in June 1995. 
 The Lynx2-4FM code set was released as v2.5 in May 1996. 
 The Lynx2-5FM code set was released as v2.6 in September
 1996. 
 The Lynx2-6FM code set was released as v2.7 in February 1997. 
 The v2-7FM code set was released as v2.7.1 in April 1997. 
 The v2-7-1FM code set was released as v2.7.2 in January 1998. 
 The 2.7.1 development set was released as v2.8 in March 1998. 
 The 2.8 development set was released as v2.8.1 in October
 1998. 
 The 2.8.1 development set was released as v2.8.2 in June
 1999. 
 The 2.8.2 development set was released as v2.8.3 in April
 2000. 
 The 2.8.3 development set was released as v2.8.4 in July
 2001. 
 The 2.8.4 development set was released as v2.8.5 in February
 2004. 
 The 2.8.5 development set was released as v2.8.6 in October
 2006. 
 The 2.8.6 development set was released as v2.8.7 in July
 2009. 
 The 2.8.7 development set was released as v2.8.8 in February
 2014. 
 The 2.8.8 development set was released as v2.8.9 in July
 2018. 
 The 2.8.9 development set was released as v2.9.0 in January
 2024.

Lynx has incorporated code from a variety of sources along the
 way. The earliest versions of Lynx included code from Earl Fogel
 of Computing Services at the University of Saskatchewan, who
 implemented HYPERREZ in the Unix environment. Those versions also
 incorporated libraries from the Unix Gopher clients developed at
 the University of Minnesota, and the later versions of Lynx rely
 on the WWW client library code developed by Tim Berners-Lee (and
 others) and the WWW community.

Contributors have generally been acknowledged in the CHANGES
 file. Earlier CHANGES file can be found in the docs/ subdirectory
 of this distribution.

Information on obtaining the most current version of Lynx is
 available at <a href=
 "https://lynx.invisible-island.net/current/index.html">the
 current distribution page</a>.

[<a href="#Contents">ToC</a>]
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