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<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Brute force protection</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#brute-force-protection-and-load-balancers-reverse-proxies">Brute force protection and load balancers/reverse proxies</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#excluding-ip-addresses-from-brute-force-protection">Excluding IP addresses from brute force protection</a></li>
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  <section id="brute-force-protection">
<h1>Brute force protection<a class="headerlink" href="#brute-force-protection" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<section id="introduction">
<h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Nextcloud has built-in protection against brute force attempts.</p>
<p>The brute force protection feature is meant to protect Nextcloud servers from attempts to guess
passwords and tokens in various ways. Besides the obvious “let’s try a big list of commonly used
passwords” attack, it also makes it harder to use slightly more sophisticated attacks via the reset
password page or trying to find app password tokens. It is used throughout the Nextcloud ecosystem,
including by other apps, if they have sensitive entrypoints (and choose to enable support for it).</p>
</section>
<section id="how-it-works">
<h2>How it works<a class="headerlink" href="#how-it-works" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="overview">
<h3>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>If triggered, brute force protection makes requests - coming from an IP address via a brute
force protected entrypoint - slower for up to a 24 hour period. In extreme circumstances it may prevent
access outright, for up to 30 minutes, from a problematic IP address.</p>
<p>This protects your system from attackers trying, for example, a lot of different passwords.</p>
<p>The primary filter is IP address-based. This means that any account - even one associated with
a given brute force attempt - is not impacted when it is connecting from a different IP address
than any brute force attempts. This helps minimize inadvertent denial of service attacks against
legitimate connections, while maximizing attack resistance from problematic IP sources.</p>
<p>Nuisance triggers are minimized through reasonable built-in defaults appropriate to each type of action.</p>
<p>The attempts history is automatically managed by a daily cronjob. Individual entries
expire after 48 hours (attempts, however, may be still <em>logged</em> indefinitely elsewhere through the usual
mechanisms within Nextcloud Server and at the discretion of the admin).</p>
<p>Excluding (whitelisting) select IP addresses from brute force protection to prevent false
positives is supported, but usually false positives are best handled by fixing the underlying causes
(e.g. a misconfigured reverse proxy or misbehaving client).</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>If you do notice a problem with the authentication behavior of any the official Nextcloud clients,
please report it to the appropriate repository so that it can be looked into.</p>
</div>
<p>Keeping brute force protection active and operating properly helps protects your Nextcloud Server from
malicious actors while minimizing potential impact on legitimate usage.</p>
</section>
<section id="example-the-login-page">
<h3>Example: The login page<a class="headerlink" href="#example-the-login-page" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>The brute force protection is easiest to see in action on the login page.
If you try to log in the first time with an invalid username and/or password you
will not notice anything. But if you do this a few times you start to notice
that the verification of the login is taking longer each time. This is the
brute force protection kicking in.</p>
<p>The maximum delay is 25 seconds, unless maximum number of attempts (currently 10) was reached within
the last 30 minutes (in which case a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">429</span> <span class="pre">Too</span> <span class="pre">Many</span> <span class="pre">Requests</span></code> will be returned until the maximum attempts
within the recent time has dropped below the threshold).</p>
<p>After a successful login (from the same source IP address), any prior invalid login attempts will be cleared
and you will no longer be hit by the delay.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Not all actions are necessarily viewed the same. It is possible for some activities to be more (or less) strict
than others.</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="usage">
<h2>Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#usage" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="activating">
<h3>Activating<a class="headerlink" href="#activating" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Brute force protection is enabled by default on Nextcloud. Its behavior can be adjusted through the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bruteforcesettings</span></code> app (shipped with Server and enabled by default), several <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">occ</span></code> commands, and several
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config.php</span></code> parameters. Its effectiveness is highly dependent on having a properly configured environment,
particularly when integrating a reverse proxy with Nextcloud (and associated parameters such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trusted_proxies</span></code>).</p>
</section>
<section id="the-brute-force-settings-app">
<h3>The brute force settings app<a class="headerlink" href="#the-brute-force-settings-app" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>This app, which shipped and enabled by default, makes it possible (via the Web UI) to view the status of a
connection and modify certain parameters of the brute force protection built into Nextcloud Server.</p>
<p>The user interface added by this app is found under <em>Administration settings -&gt; Security</em> under the <em>Brute-force
IP whitelist</em> heading.</p>
<p>Currently an admin can view the status of the IP address they are connecting from as well as specify IPv4 or IPv6
addresses and ranges to exempt from brute force protection.</p>
<p>Additional enhancements may be made in the future, within this app and/or in combination with Nextcloud Server for
additional monitoring or behavior adjustments related to brute force protection.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Disabling the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bruteforcesettings</span></code> app does <strong>not</strong> disable brute force protection
- it merely removes your ability to adjust brute force related settings from the Web interface.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p>You would need to adjust the parameter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auth.bruteforce.protection.enabled</span></code> in your Nextcloud <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config.php</span></code> to
disable brute force protection, which is <strong>heavily discouraged for production servers</strong>, particularly if your
server is reachable via a public IP address. It allows an attacker to iterate over all users and their passwords
as well as two-factor verifications afterwards ultimately leading to admin access.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="occ-commands">
<h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">occ</span></code> commands<a class="headerlink" href="#occ-commands" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>There are several brute force related <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">occ</span></code> commands under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">occ</span> <span class="pre">security</span></code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="brute-force-protection-and-load-balancers-reverse-proxies">
<h3>Brute force protection and load balancers/reverse proxies<a class="headerlink" href="#brute-force-protection-and-load-balancers-reverse-proxies" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>If you are behind a reverse proxy or load balancer it is important you make sure it is
setup properly. Especially the <strong>trusted_proxies</strong> and <strong>forwarded_for_headers</strong>
<cite>config.php</cite> variables need to be set correctly. Otherwise it can happen
that Nextcloud actually starts throttling all traffic coming from the reverse
proxy or load balancer. For more information see <a class="reference internal" href="reverse_proxy_configuration.html"><span class="doc">Reverse proxy</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="troubleshooting">
<h2>Troubleshooting<a class="headerlink" href="#troubleshooting" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="id1">
<h3>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>On most setups Nextcloud will work out of the box without any issues. If you run into a situation where
logging in or connecting is often very slow for multiple users, the first step is to check your Nextcloud
Server logs to see what IP addresses are being detected (you will need to adjust your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loglevel</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>
temporarily to do so).</p>
<p>Look for entries that start with any of the following:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><cite>Bruteforce attempt from</cite> […]</p></li>
<li><p><cite>IP address throttled</cite> […]</p></li>
<li><p><cite>IP address blocked</cite> […]</p></li>
</ul>
<p>If all clients appear to be coming from the same IP address and that IP address happens to be your
proxy, you need to review your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trusted_proxies</span></code> configuration.</p>
<p>If the IP address is a common connection point, such as a multi-user office location, it can be an option to whitelist it,
with the draw back that users have to be trust-worthy.</p>
<p>For testing purposes you want want to whitelist your own IP address to see if the problem disappears.
If it does - and assuming your proxy configuration is correct - you may have a client/device in your
network that is misbehaving and generating invalid login attempts from your IP address.</p>
<p>You can use the <cite>occ security:bruteforce:attempts</cite> command to check the realtime status for a given IP address.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The <cite>bruteforce_attempts</cite> database table will be empty if you’re using a distributed memory
cache since the database backend is no longer used unless it is the only option available.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="excluding-ip-addresses-from-brute-force-protection">
<h3>Excluding IP addresses from brute force protection<a class="headerlink" href="#excluding-ip-addresses-from-brute-force-protection" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Most nuisance triggering of brute force protection can be resolved through proper configuration of reverse
proxies. In other cases, select IP addresses that need to be whitelisted can be configured within this app (while
leaving brute force protection enabled). This can be useful for testing purposes or when there are a lot of people
(or devices) connecting from a known, single IP address.</p>
</div>
<p>It’s possible to exclude IP addresses from the brute force protection.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Make sure the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bruteforcesettings</span></code> app is enabled (it is by default)</p></li>
<li><p>Login as admin and go to <strong>Administration settings -&gt; Security</strong></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition danger">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p>Any excluded IP address can perform authentication attempts without any throttling.
It’s best to exclude as few IP addresses as you can, or even none at all.</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</section>

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